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PSYC Chapter 10

Psy Chapter 10

TermDefinition
Emotions Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences
Discrete Emotions Theory Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology.
Primary Emotions A small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.
Secondary Emotions Are emotions created by mixing primary emotions together.
Display Rules Cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
Duchenne Smile A genuine smile.
Pan Am Smile A fake smile, which is marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes.
Cognitive Theories of Emotion Theories that propose that emotions are the products of thinking.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion The oldest cognitive theory of emotion, which proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
Damasio's Somatic Marker Theory A theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion A theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion A theory proposing that emotions are produced by a universal state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal.
Unconscious Influences on Emotion Are variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis A theory proposing that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, which alters our experience of emotions.
Nonverbal Leakage The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior.
Curse of Knowledge When we know something, we often make the mistake of assuming others know it too.
Illustrators Gestures that highlight or accentuate speech.
Manipulators Gestures in which one body part interacts with another body part. (ex biting nails)
Emblems Gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture, such as waving your hand.
Proxemics The study of personal space.
Public Distance 12+ feet, typically used for public speaking.
Social Distance 4 - 12 feet, typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintances.
Personal Distance 1.5 - 4 feet, typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners.
Intimate Distance 0 - 1.5 feet, typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, and affectionate touching.
Pinocchio Response A supposed perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying.
Voice Stress Analysis People's voices increase in pitch when they lie.
Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) An alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not.
Brain Fingerprinting A technique that measures brain waves to measure the recognition of concealed knowledge.
Integrity Tests Questionnaires that presumably assesses worker's tendency to steal or cheat.
Positive Psychology A discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.
Defensive Pessimism The strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.
Happiness Defined as one's subject sense of how satisfied they are with life.
Broaden and Build Theory A theory by Barbara Fredrickson that proposes that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.
Positivity Effect The tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age.
Affective Forecasting The ability to predict our own and others' happiness.
Durability Bias The belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do.
Hedonic Treadmill Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.
Motivation Psychological drives that propel us in specific directions.
Drive Reduction Theory A theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize these states.
Homeostasis Internal equilibrium.
Yerkes Dodson Law An inverted U-shaped graph between arousal and performance.
Stimulus Hunger Happens when we're under aroused, where we see to find stimulation.
Approach Are predispositions toward certain stimuli we like, such as food or sexual desire.
Avoidance A disposition toward stimuli we do not like, such as rude people or scary animals.
Approach-approach conflict Being given two choices which are both pleasant.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict Being given two choices which are both not pleasant.
Approach-avoidance conflict Having a choice that has good and bad aspects.
Double approach-avoidance conflict Being given two choices that both have good and bad aspects.
Incentive Theories Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals.
Intrinsic Motivation Is being motivated by internal goals.
Extrinsic Motivation Is being motivated by external goals.
Contrast Effect Once we receive reinforcement for doing something, we anticipate that reinforcement again, and if the reinforcement is taken away, we're less likely to perform the behavior.
Primary Needs Biological necessities such as hunger and thirst.
Secondary Needs Psychological desires, such as the need for achievement.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Proposes that we must satisfy physiological needs and safety needs before progressing to more complex needs.
Ghrelin A hormone that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger.
Cholecystokinin A hormone that decreases hunger.
Glucostatic Theory A theory that proposes that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.
Leptin A hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.
Set Point The value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass that we tend to maintain.
Portion Distortion The supersizing of food portions.
Internal-external Theory A theory that states that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues rather than internal cues.
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging food in an effort to lose or maintain weight.
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.
Libido Sexual desire.
Sexual Response Cycle This cycle happens in four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Excitement Phase The first phase, in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes.
Plateau Phase The second phase, in which sexual tension builds.
Orgasm Phase The third phase, marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both males and females.
Resolution Phase The fourth and final phase, which follows orgasm, where people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.
Androgens Sex hormones that are present in the womb while a fetus develops.
Major Principles that Guide Attraction Proximity, similarity, and reciprocity.
Proximity Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.
Similarity The extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.
Reciprocity The rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.
Passionate Love Is love marked by powerful, even overwhelming longing for one's partner.
Companionate Love Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner.
Triangular Theory of Love Consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.
mere exposure effect Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it
Self-esteem evaluation of self-worth
narcissism a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness
Positive illusions Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do
Created by: user-1876525
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