Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIOL3000 Salit's Lec
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the key threats to global environmental changes? | habitat fragmentation and destruction; urbanisations. land use changes; agriculture; climate change; invasion by alien species |
| How are humans influencing the communities and species? | are moving and redistributing species; generating preference for certain species; leading to reshuffling of communities; generating a 'grand experiment' |
| What is an invasive species? | those that have been introduced to regions beyond their native range, established in the wild, and spread substantially from their point of introduction |
| What is a native range-expander? | a native species rapidly expanding its native range from its original range into new adjacent areas; often also urban exploiters (species that successfully exploit urban environment); e.g. noisy miners |
| What is biotic homogenisation? | process by which two or more spatially distributed ecological communities become increasingly similar over time; biotic invasions can cause this |
| What are the main causes of introduction of species? | unintentional release (escapes, accidental transport etc.); deliberate release (ornamental, hunting, economic agriculture purposes etc.) |
| What are acclimatisation societies? | groups that were aiming at 'enriching' the local fauna and flora; brought many animals and plants in the 19th century; caused deliberate introductions |
| What are natural arrivals? | long distance arrivals of new species that occur relatively infrequently; responsible for island colonisations, range expansions and contractions through millions of years |
| How are human-mediated arrivals different to natural arrivals? | human-commensals; distance (larger); rate of arrival (usually in quick succession); multiple introductions; homogenisation and composition; impacts |
| What is the difference between an established introduced species and an invasive species? | established species do not spread through the environment or the resources; invasive species do |
| What are the general steps to an invasive species? | introduction; naturalisation (establishing and reproducing outside of native range); invasion (spreading into areas away from sites of introduction); impact of invasion |
| What factors shape introduction success or failure? | species specific factors (e.g. behavioural flexibility, life history); ecosystem factors (biotic, abiotic); introduction factors (introduction effort, sex ratio); interactions between those factors |
| What makes a successful introduced species? | habitat generalists; range of food resources; tolerate range of environmental conditions; good dispersers; high reproductive ability; ability to change their environment; high flexibility; preadaptations |
| What is Propagule pressure? | a composite measure of the number of individuals released into an area of which they are not native; higher number of individuals and introduction events, higher likelihood of establishment |
| What is Project DAISIE? | Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe; created a database of all alien species introduced into Europe |
| What is the Cold War Hypothesis? | the idea that European politics play a role in shaping the introductions of birds in Western and Eastern Europe |
| What is the difference between Western and Eastern Europe before, during and after the Cold War? | Western Europe had alliances with various continents for trade and immigration the entire time; Eastern Europe was isolated from most continents except Central and South-east Asia during the Cold War |
| What were the findings from the Cold War hypothesis? | during Cold War, more introductions of a large diversity of non-European alien birds introduced to Western Europe; Eastern Europe had more introductions of European alien birds |
| What are the impacts of biological invasions? | native biodiversity under threat; ecosystem function and services disruption; agriculture, crops, domesticated animals; human welfare, health; huge economic costs; large-scale 'natural experiment' |
| Why is the imported fire ant so invasive in North America but fine in South America? | native to South America; native's have multiple queens, low density of nests, more territorial, smaller colonies, less aggressive; opposite happens in North America |
| What are some direct impacts of alien species? | hybridisation, introgression (can lead to speciation); quick adaptation of aliens |
| What are some indirect impacts of alien species? | traits and behavioural changes; niche competition; competitive exclusion; extinction |
| What happened on Macquarie Island? | major project happened to eradicate all rabbits and rodents; officially declared a success however once you decide to eradicate something, it takes an immense amount of effort and surveillance |
| How do you deal with invasive plants in each step of invasion? | prevention of introduction; eradication during naturalisation and invasion phase; management during invasion and impact of invasion phase |
| How do we decide which management action to take when considering invasive species? | how high is the impact (minor, moderate, major) and how likely is this kind of event/impact going to happen (unlikely, likely, very likely) |
| What are the phases of different management actions when considering an invasive animal? | prevention; early detection (rapid response, eradication and containment); control and slow the spread (once population established and spreading); human adaptation, living with the enemy (tactical regional management) |
| What are the steps to process decision making (e.g. The Rational Decision-Making Process)? | identify the problem; establish decision criteria; weigh decision criteria; generate alternatives; evaluate alternatives; select best alternative |
| What are some ethical arguments for preserving biodiversity? | each species has a right to exist; species are interdependent; we have responsibility as stewards; responsibility for future generations |
| What are some major motivations for urban biodiversity conservations? | preserve local biodiversity in an urbanising environment and protect important populations or rare species; create stepping stones or corridors for natural populations; connect people with nature; understand and facilitate responses to environmental chang |
| What are the two approaches for setting conservation priorities for wildlife? | a species-based (endemism, biodiversity, representation etc.) or a landscape/ecosystem based approach (ecosystem services and risks, habitat vulnerability) |
| What defines a biodiversity hotspot? | minimum 1500 endemic vascular plants; only 30% of less of the original natural vegetation maintained (threatened) |
| What causes differences in global hotspots identified? | whether we are looking at the richness, threatened species, or endemic species in an area |
| What steps can you use to bring science to practice? | explain the problem; describe the innovative science; show how the science solves the problem; say something provocative (if needed); funding agencies and partners |
| What is not accounted for when we identify hotspots and areas 'needed' for conservation? | the cost of action; how returns for conservation investment change through time; the dynamic nature of landscapes and the existence of uncertainty |
| What do hotspots consider vs. what do they not consider? | DO consider (species richness, threats); DON'T consider (all levels of biodiversity, complementarity, cost-effectiveness |
| What is the CARE system for systematic conservation planning? | comprehensive (sample as many kinds of biodiversity as possible); adequate (protecting enough to ensure persistence of biodiversity features); representative (sampling across the full range of variation of each feature); efficient (minimal cost) |
| Why is using a decision support tool (e.g. MARXAN) useful when considering conservation areas? | useful to see how goals translate spatially into MPA optiosn; ; can consider CARE principles and connectivity; provides many good solutions; identifies 'key' locations; identifies areas that are negotiable |
| What are the consequences of conservation across different political/country borders (e.g. in the Mediterranean Basin)? | to achieve similar conservation benefits, one would need substantially more money and area if each country acts independently compared with coordinated action across the basin |
| What are some cons of collaborating with different countries when undergoing conservation? | limited local involvement; less responsibility ('others will do the job'); local populations may be important; spreading the risk (e.g. politically); complicated admin and additional costs; needs to be traded off against advantages |
| How do population changes determine species extinction risk? | population size reduction; small geographic range (species vulnerable to some stochastic event); small population size and decline; quantitative analysis of extinction probabilities |
| How can we deal with the problem of not having enough data on a species in certain areas? | instead of averaging the time series data, can use a hierarchy of indices; you combine information from different populations to get info on species 1, then combine information of different temperate species to get info on temperate species and so on |
| How would we use statistical models in gathering population data? | apply it to the data so we can estimate parameters and population indices; useful for when you are useing large data sets from multiple different collectors/areas and some data is missing |
| Why is quantifying biodiversity changes important? | further research; to understand the nature of the changing environment; policy making (needs to bridge the gap between policy makers and scientists) |
| What are same challenges in understanding biodiversity changes? | spatial gaps in available data (e.g. a lot of Africa, parts of Russia have lack of resources or lack of effort to get data); variability of data available across the years; gaps and biases in information of different taxa |
Created by:
tkeen40
Popular Life Science sets