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PSY Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | Awareness of internal and external stimuli |
| What are examples of internal stimuli? | Pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, thoughts, and emotions |
| What are examples of external stimuli? | Light from sun, temperature of the room, and sounds |
| What are altered states of consciousness based on? | State of awareness, awareness of information from our senses, and self-awareness |
| What is sleep? | An altered state of consciousness |
| What measures brain activity? | EEG |
| What is considered the 24 cycle? | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus |
| What are the stages of sleep? | NREM-N1,N2,N3 and REM |
| What does REM stand for? | Rapid eye movement |
| What kind of sleep does your brain keep track of? | REM sleep |
| What is Jet Lag? | Mismatch between internal rhythm and environment |
| What is Rotating shift syndrome? | Irregular sleep cycle disrupts internal rhythm |
| What is Insufficient Sleep? | Not enough sleep, leading to sleep debt |
| What are a few sleep deprivation consequences? | Irritability, cognitive impairment, memory loss, severe yawning, etc. |
| What 2 people believe that dreams gain consciousness to unconsciousness? | Freud and Jung |
| What does Freud stand for? | Manifest vs. Latent content |
| What does Jung stand for? | Collective unconsciousness |
| Who thinks dreaming is psychologically significant? | Cartwright |
| Who thinks dreaming is activation-synthesis? | Hobson |
| True or False: Men struggle with substance abuse more than women. | True |
| What is an Agonist? | Mimics a neurotransmitter |
| What is an Antagonist? | Block neurotransmitter from doing their job |
| What is a Stimulant? | Speeds up ANS |
| What is a Depressant? (GABA) | Sedatives |
| What are Opiates (Opioid Receptors) | Pain Relief |
| What are Hallucinogens? (many different mechanisms) | Hallucinations |
| What are the 5 types of Psychotropic Drugs? | Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Mood Stabilizers, and Stimulants |
| What are Physical Dependence of Substances? | Withdrawal and Tolerance |
| What are Psychological Dependence of substances? | "Cravings" |
| Learning | Relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| What are the 2 types of learning? | Associative learning and Cognitive/Observational |
| What are the 2 types of Associative Learning? | Classical and Operant Conditioning |
| Who was associated with Behaviorism? | Pavlov |
| What are the 2 types of responses? | Unconditioned (reflex) responses and Conditioned (learned) responses |
| Who was associated with Classical Conditioning of Fear? | Watson and Raynor |
| Acquisition | Evolutionary Adaptations |
| What are the 2 types of Biological Constraints? | Biological Preparedness and Instinctual Drift |
| What is Habituation? | Learning to quit responding after continued exposure |
| What is Generalization? | When things are similar enough to get a reaction |
| What is Discrimination? | When things are too different that there's no correlation |
| What are the 4 types of application of classical conditioning? | Phobias, Addiction, Placebos, and Advertising |
| Wo was associated with the puzzle box and Law of effect? | Thorndike |
| Who was associated with the Skinner Box? | Skinner |
| What is Reinforcement? | Something good that's happening |
| What is Punishment? | Something bad that's happening to you |
| Negative | Something being taken away |
| Positive | Something is added to the environment |
| Positive Punishment | Give something bad |
| Negative Reinforcement | Take away something bad |
| Positive Reinforcement | Give something good |
| Negative Punishment | Take away something good |
| What is a Fixed rate? | High response and quicker to extinguish |
| What is a Partial/Intermittent Variable? | Slow and steady, and greater resistance to extinction |
| What is a ratio based on? | Response |
| What is an interval based on? | Time |
| What is Classical Conditioning? | Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction RESPONDENT LEARNING |
| What is Operant Conditioning? | Changing behavior choices in response to consequences OPERANT LEARNING |
| What are the 5 Influential Factors? | Timing, Predictability, Intensity, Attention, and Biopreparedness |
| Latent Learning | Learning not demonstrated at the time it occurs |
| Cognitive/Observational Learning | Acquiring new behaviors and information through OBSERVATION and INFORMATION, rather than by direct experience |
| Who was associated with learning by imitation? | Bandura |
| What are the 3 models of Observational Learning? | Live, Verbal, and Symbolic |
| What are the 4 Pillars of Effective Modelling? | Attention, Retention, Motivation, and Reproduction |
| What is Memory? | Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time |
| Atkinson-Shiffrin Model | Sensory input goes to sensory memory goes to short term memory (STM) goes to long term memory (LTM) |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious Processing |
| Effortful Processing | Trying to remember something |
| Mnemonics | Put information into organized framework to remember more easily |
| Who was associated to Rehearsal and Distributed Practice? | Ebbinghaus |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating-to-be-remembered information over and over (phonological loop) |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Drawing connections between to-be-remembered information and other information, especially connections based on meaning |
| Who did memory research involving seizures? | Henry Molaison |
| What 2 types of memory are associated with long term memory? | Explicit and Implicit |
| What are the 2 types of Explicit memory? | Episodic and Semantic |
| What are the 3 types of Implicit memory? | Procedural, Priming, and Emotional Conditioning |
| What 2 brain regions is explicit memory associated with? | Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus |
| What brain region is associated with implicit memory? | Cerebellum |
| Long-Term Potentiation | Physical change in the brain during memory storage |
| What is the short term memory capacity? | 7+/- 2 or 4+/-1 |
| What is chunking? | Organize data into manageable units |
| What 3 ways is Retrieval measured in? | Recall, Recognition, and Relearning |
| Recall | No cues provided |
| Recognition | Identify stimuli to stored information |
| Relearning | Measure of how much less work it takes you to learn again |
| What are the 3 shortcuts that mislead/distort memory? | Misattributions, Suggestibility, and Bias |
| Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Bias | Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences |
| Blocking | Retrieval Failure (ex. "Tip of the Tongue" Phenomena) |
Created by:
scartwright4
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