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how many primary organs are there in the endocrine system?
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name the primary organs involved in the endocrine system
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BSF
Body Structure and Function - Week 19 - Endocrine System:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many primary organs are there in the endocrine system? | 7 |
| name the primary organs involved in the endocrine system | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland and parathyroid glands |
| how many organs are involved with secondary endocrine functions? | 6 |
| name the organs involved with secondary endocrine functions | heart, thymus, adipose tissue, digestive tract, kidenys and gonads |
| what do the neurons in the hypothalamus produce? | ADH and oxytocin |
| how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete? | 9 |
| what does the pineal gland secrete? | melatonin |
| what stimulates the production of melatonin? | darkness |
| what does melatonin do? | applies sleep pressure |
| where are the parathyroid glands located? | behind thyroid gland |
| what is located behind the thyroid gland? | parathyroid glands |
| what do the parathyroid glands produce? | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| what do parathyroid hormones do? | regulate calcium levels |
| what does the thyroid gland secrete? | tetrathyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin |
| T4? | tetrathyroxine |
| T3? | triiodothyronine |
| what do T4 and T3 do? | regulate metabolism |
| what does calcitonin do? | regulates calcium |
| what do the adrenal glands produce? | adrenaline, noradrenaline, aldosterone, androgens and cortisol |
| what do the hormones of the adrenal gland do? | regulate the "fight or flight" response, body's stress reponses and regulate blood pressure |
| what organ is both an endocrine and exocrine organ? | pancreas |
| how is the pancreas an endocrine organ? | secretes insulin and glucagon |
| what does insulin and glucagon do? | regulate glucose levels in the blood |
| how is the pancreas an exocrine organ? | secretes digestive enzymes |
| what does the heart secrete? | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| when is ANP released? | in response to atrial distension (high pressure) |
| when is the thymus active? | only fully active until puberty |
| what does the thymus secrete? | thymosins |
| when does the thymus secrete thymosins? | in response to pathogens |
| what do thymosins do? | stimulate T-cell production |
| what do the kidneys secrete? | erythropoietin (EPO) |
| when do the kidneys secrete EPO? | when RBC levels are low |
| what does EPO do? | stimulates RBC creation in bone marrow |
| what do the gonads do? | involved in production of steroid sex hormones |
| what do the testes produce? | androgens |
| what do the ovaries produce? | oestrogens and progesterone |
| what does the hypothalamus provide a link between? | nervous and endocrine system |
| what does the hypothalamus regulate? | activity of the pituitary gland |
| how does the hypothalamus regulate the activity of the pituitary gland? | by secreting releasing hormone (RH) and inhibitory hormones (IH) |
| other name for pituitary gland? | hypophysis |
| what is the name for the related structures of the pituitary gland? | hypophyseal |
| describe the pituitary gland | small oval gland which sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
| what attaches the pituitary gland to the sella turcica? | infundibulum |
| what does the infundibulum do? | attaches the pituitary gland to the sella turcica |
| how many lobes does the pituitary gland have? | 2 |
| what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland? | anterior and posterior lobe |
| how many hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete? | seven hormones |
| how many hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete? | two hormones |
| in the pituitary gland, what are all the hormones? | peptides |
| what do all the hormones int he pituitary land rely on? | secondary messaging using cAMP |
| what is the hypophyseal portal? | connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary |
| what connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary | hypophyseal portal |
| the hypophyseal portal connects the hypothalamus to what? | anterior pituitary |
| what is the first step in the hypophyseal portal? | blood from heart enters at superior hypophyseal artery in the upper infundibulum |
| what is the second step of the hypophyseal portal? | blood is transported to the hypothalamus |
| what is the third step of the hypophyseal portal? | hypothalamic regulation hormones are carried to the anterior pituitary lobe through hypophyseal portal veins |
| what is the fourth step of the hypophyseal portal? | regulating hormones adjust activity of endocrine cells in the pituitary gland |
| what is the fifth step of the hypophyseal portal? | blood containing pituitary hormones is delivered to the heart and enters the circulatory system |
| what does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contain? | hypothalamic axon |
| how many types of hypothalamic axons does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contain? | two types |
| where do the hypothalamic axons extend in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | through the infundibulum |
| describe what the hypothalamic axons in the posterior pituitary gland do? | extend through the infundibulum and connect hypophyseal veins that carry blood to the cardiovascular system |
| what do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamic neurons do? | detect increased ionic concentration |
| what does ADH do? | increases water reabsorption in the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure |
| when is oxytocin released? | during labour |
| what does oxytocin cause during birth? | contraction of smooth muscle in uterine lining |
| what does oxytocin do for both men and women? | increases sexual arousal |
| contraction of smooth muscle in the vaginal wall and sperm duct increases what? | probability of fertilisation |
| how is the probability of fertilisation increased? | through the contraction of smooth muscle in the vaginal walla dn sperm duct |
| how many peptide hormones regulate hormone production of other endocrine tissues from the anterior pituitary? | 4 hormones |
| name the peptide hormones which regulate hormone production of other endocrine tissues from the anterior pituitary | TSH, ACTH, FSH, FH |
| of the 4 peptide hormones regulating hormone production of other endocrine tissues from the anterior pituitary, how many are gonadotropins? | two gonadotropins |
| what are the 2 gonadotropins which regulate hormone production of other endocrine tissues? | FSH and FH |
| TSH? | thyroid-stimulating hormone/ thyrotropin |
| ACTH? | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| FSH? | follicle stimulating hormone |
| FH? | luteinizing hormone |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone/ thyrotropin | TSH |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone? | ACTH |
| follicle stimulating hormone? | FSH |
| luteinizing hormone? | FH |
| how many peptide hormones have direct impacts on physiology and metabolism from the anterior pituitary? | 3 hormones |
| name the 3 peptide hormones which have direct impacts on physiology and metabolism from the anterior pituitary | PRL, GH, MSH |
| PRL? | prolactin |
| GH? | growth hormone |
| MSH? | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| how are all pituitary gland activities regulated? | through negative feedback and are controlled by hpothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| what does TSH/ thyrotropin do? | cause secretion of thyroid hormones |
| when does TSH increase? | when hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| what is ACTH also known as? | corticotropin |
| what does ACTH/ corticotropin do? | causes adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline |
| what does FSH promote? | follicle and sperm maturation |
| how does FSH promote follicle and sperm maturation? | by stimulating the release of androgens and oestrogens |
| GnRH? | gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| what does LH do? | induces ovulation and prepares body for pregnancy |
| how does LH induce ovulation and prepares body for pregnancy? | stimulates release of oestrogen and progesterone |
| what does prolactin do? | stimulates mammary gland development and milk production |
| PRF? | prolactin-releasing factor |
| PIH? | prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
| what does growth hormone do? | stimulates cell growth |
| how does growth hormone stimulate growth? | increases rates of protein synthesis by binding to plasma membrane receptors which increase permeability to amino acids |
| islets of Langerhans? | clusters of cells of the endocrine pancreas |
| what % of cells are the endocrine cells in the pancreas? | 1% |
| what % of cells are exocrine cells? | 99% |
| alpha cells in islets of Langerhans? | produce glucagon |
| beta cells in islets of Langerhans? | produce insulin |
| delta cells in the islets of Langerhans? | produce somatostatin |
| what does somatostatin do? | inhibits release of pancreatic hormones such as insulin, glucagon and gastrin |
| epsilon cells in the islets of Langerhans? | produce ghrelin |
| what does ghrelin do? | hunger hormone |
| PP cells in the islets of Langerhans? | gamma cells/ F cells which produce pancreatic polypeptide |
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