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HSII Chpt 9. (Pt. 2)

Orthopedics: Muscular Important terms


Skeletal muscles	Striated, multinucleated, voluntary muscles that contract and relax in response to conscious thought (eyes, tongue, hands).
Cardiac muscles	Heart muscle; striated, mononucleated, involuntary muscle that pumps blood through the circulatory system.
Smooth muscles	Nonstriated, involuntary, mononucleated, muscles that form continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures (blood vessels, intestines, etc).
Fascia	A thin layer of connective tissue that wraps each muscle and merges into its tendon.
Aponeurosis	A white fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or to deeper muscles.
Retinaculum	A translucent band of fibrous tissue and fascia taht holds down tendons in the wrist and ankle.
Origin (beginning)	Origin of a muscle is the site where a tendon attaches to a stationary or near-stationary bone.
Insertion (ending)	Insertion of a muscle is the site where a tendon attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
Belly	Belly is the part of the muscle with the greatest mass.
Antagonism	One muscle contracts and a second muscle either relaxes to allow movement or partially contracts to control the movement.
Synergism	One muscle contracts and other nearby muscles also contract to produce the same but greater combined movement.
Flexion	Involves bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or body parts.
Extension	Involves straightening or extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or body parts.
Abduction	Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (think alien abduction).
Adduction	Moving a body part toward the midline of the body (think addition).
Supination	Turning the palm of the hand upward, such that the hand is "lying on its back."
Pronation	Turning the palm of the hand downward.
Eversion	Turning a body part outward and to the side.
Inversion	Turning a body part inward.
Rotation	Moving a body part around its axis.
Muscle fiber	One long cell with hundreds of nuclei along its length. Each fiber is composed of myofiibrils that contrain actin strands and thick myosin strands. Connected to a single nerve cell at a neuromuscular junction.
Muscle tone	Nerve impulses produce muscle tone, which keeps the muscles firm and ready to act. The only skeletal muscle activity not under conscious control.
Compartment syndrome	Condition in which severe injury causes bleeding and the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues.
Contracture	Inactivity or paralysis coupled with continuing nerve impulses can cause an arm or leg muscle to become progressively flexed.
Atrophy	Loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles caused by lack of use by malnutrition, or it can occur in any part of the body that is paralyzed because the muscles receive no electrical impulses from the nerves.
Avulsion	Condition in which the muscle tears away from the tendon or the tendon tears away from the bone.
Fibromyalgia	Pain located at specific, hyperirritable trigger points in the muscles of the neck, back, or hips.
Hyperextension / hyperflexion injury	Injury that occurs when a person's head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed (AKA acceleration-deceleration injury or whiplash).
Muscle contusion	Bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma; also called a bruise.
Muscle spasm	Painful but temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly, severely, and involuntarily contracts. (AKA muscle cramp, alsi called torticollis when it occurs in the neck.)
Muscle strain	Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon; also called a pulled muscle.
Muscular dystrophy	Genetic mutation of the gene that normally makes the muscle protein dystrophin. Without dystrophin, muscles progressively weaken and atrophy. Most common form is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
Myalgia	Pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease.
Polymyalgia	Pain in several muscle groups.
Myasthenia gravis	Autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers. Characterized by rapid fatigue of muscles.
Myopathy	General category that includes many different muscle diseases. (my/o- = Muscle, -pathy = disease)
Myositis	Inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling or tenderness; caused by injury, strain, or disease.
Repetitive strain injury (RSI)	Injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time; also called cumulative trauma disorder.
Rhabdomyoma	A benign tumor of the muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma	Cancerous tumor of the muscle; usually found in children and young adults.
Rotator cuff tear	A tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus; usually occurs from trauma or repetitive overuse.
Ataxia	Incoordination of the muscles during movement, particularly incoordination of the gait (when walking).
Bradykinesia	Abnormally slow muscle movements or decrease in the number of spontaneous movements; usually associated with Parkinson disease.
Dyskinesia	Abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles; may include tics, spasms, jerking, or slow writhing of the hands.
Hyperkinesis	An abnormally increased amount of muscle movements.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)	Uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the leg muscles (particularly of the calf muscles) along with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect sensations; usually occurs at night.
Tremor	Small involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continuous and cannot be controlled.
Bursitis	Inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa.
Dupuytren's contracture (AKA Dupuytren disease)	Progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger.
Epicondylitis	Inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus.
Lateral epicondylitis	Tennis elbow
Medial epicondylitis	Golfer's/pitcher's elbow
Fasciitis	Inflammation of the fascia around a muscle; frequently affects the bottom of the foot (plantar fasciitis).
Ganglion	Semisolid or fluid-containing cyst that grows on a tendon; appears as a rounded lump that may or may not be painful. Often occurs in the wrist, hand, or foot.
Shin splints	Pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor muscles over the shin bone due to overuse.
Tendonitis	Inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse.
Tenosynovitis	Inflammation and pain due to overuse of a tendon and inability of the synovial membrane to produce enough lubricating fluid. (ten/o- = tendon, synov/o- = joint membrane, -itis = infection of or inflammation of)
Acetylcholine receptor antibody test	Test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its own acetylcholine receptors; used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM) test	Test that measures the level of serum CPK-MM, an isoenzyme found in skeletal muscle. Used to screen for muscular dystrophy. High CPK-MM levels suggest the presence of disease.
Edrophonium test	Procedure in which patients are given the drug edrophonium to confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Drug temporarily increases acetylcholine levels.
Electromyography (EMG)	Procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts and relaxes; used to diagnose muscle or nerve disease.
Brace	Orthopedic device that supports and straightens a body part while still permitting movement; also called an orthosis.
Adaptive or assistive device	Device that increases mobility and independence by helping the patient perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)	Procedure that tests whether the muscular–nervous pathway is functioning normally. Also known as the knee-jerk test or patellar reflex test.

Created by: Tea Lad

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