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Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart
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Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries
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Anatomy & Physiology
Cardiovascular System Part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart | Arteries |
| Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries | Arterioles |
| Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells | Capillaries |
| Receive blood from the capillaries, and conduct it to veins | Venules |
| Receive blood from venules, and carry it back to the atria of the heart | Veins |
| -Thick, strong wall, thicker than walls of veins -Has 3 layers of tunic -Transport blood under high blood pressure -Give rise to smaller arterioles | Arteries |
| Layers of Tunic: -Innermost layer, Endothelium | Tunica Interna |
| Layers of Tunic: -Smooth muscle and elastic tissue | Tunica Media |
| Layers of Tunic: -Outer layer, Connective tissue | Tunica Externa (Adventitia) |
| - Smaller and thinner-walled than arteries (same 3 layers or tunics) - Walls of middle and outer layers become thinner as arterioles become smaller | Arterioles |
| True or False: Only arteries and not arterioles can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation | False, Both arteries and arterioles can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| -Smallest-diameter blood vessels -Connect the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules -Extensions of the inner lining of arterioles -Walls consist of endothelium only -exchange substances between blood and tissue fluid | Capillaries |
| Capillaries: 1. Have small openings 2. Found in muscle, connective tissue, and skin | Continuous Capillaries |
| Capillaries: 1. Have large openings in cell membranes and between endothelial cells 2. Found in endocrine glands, kidneys, and small intestine | Fenestrated Capillaries |
| Capillaries: 1. Have largest openings spaces between cells are small cavities 2. Discontinuous 3. Found in liver, spleen, and red bone marrow | Sinussoidal Capillaries |
| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Most important method of transfer 2. Lipid-soluble substances diffuse through cell membrane; water-soluble substances diffuse through membrane channels and slits | Diffusion |
| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through membrane 2. Pressure is derived from ventricular contraction | Filtration |
| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Presence of impermeant solute, such as plasma proteins, inside capillaries creates osmotic pressure 2. Osmotic pressure draws water into capillaries, opposing filtration | Osmosis |
| -Microscopic vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to veins -Thinner walls and less smooth muscle that arterioles | Venules |
| -Tunica media less developed than in arteries -Carry blood under relatively low pressure -Function as blood reservoirs -Many have one-way valves to help with blood flow | Veins |
| Deposits of cholesterol plaque form in inner lining of walls of arteries | Atherosclerosis |
| A bulge in the wall of an artery, formed when blood pressure dilates a weakened area of the vessel; can burst wall of artery | Aneurysm |
| Inflammation of a vein; common disorder | Phlebitis |
| Abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins; most common in legs | Varicose Veins |
| The force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Circulates the blood | Blood Pressure |
| Blood Pressure usually refers to pressure in the _______ _______. | Systemic arteries |
| Rises when the ventricles contract -Falls when the ventricles relax | Arterial Blood Pressure |
| The maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction. | Arterial systolic pressure (SP) |
| The minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction | Arterial diastolic pressure (DP) |
| Blood pressure is stated in units of mm Hg, and is typically measured with a _____________________. | Sphygmomanometer |
| -Force of friction between blood and walls of blood vessels -Blood pressure must overcome PR in order to flow -Factors that change PR also change blood pressure | Peripheral Resistance |
| Hormone from adrenal medulla, increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure | Epinephrine |
| Derived from changing arteriole diameter, also regulates blood pressure | Peripheral resistance (PR) |
| Reduces arteriole diameter, increases PR, and increases blood pressure | Vasoconstriction |
| Increases arteriole diameter, decreases PR, and decreases blood pressure | Vasodilation |
| Medulla oblongata regulates diameter of arterioles, and therefore PR, by changing sympathetic stimulation of muscle in walls of arterioles | Vasomotor center |
| Long-lasting elevated arterial blood pressure -Unknown cause, increased Na+ intake, psychological stress that activates the sympathetic nervous system, obesity, kidney disease (via renin-angiotensin response) -“Silent killer,” | Hypertension |
| Contributes to formation of atherosclerosis -May lead to coronary thrombosis or embolism -May lead to cerebral thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage, perhaps resulting in a transient ischemic attack (TIA, ministroke) -(CVA, stroke) | Hypertension |
| Blood pressure decreases as the blood moves through the arterial system and into the capillary network, so very little pressure remains at the venous ends of the capillaries | Venous Blood Flow |
| When muscle contract, they squeeze veins, and help move blood back toward heart | Skeletal muscle contraction: |
| During inspiration, as thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure falls below abdominal pressure; this helps blood flow upward toward heart | Respiratory movements |
| Under conditions of low blood pressure, sympathetic reflexes cause contraction of smooth muscle in walls of veins | Vasoconstriction of veins (venoconstriction) |
| Veins act as _____ ______, which can alter its capacity in response to changes in blood volume | Blood Reservior |
| Pressure in the right atrium is called | Central Venous Pressure |
| Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries → lobar branches, repeated divisions → pulmonary arterioles → alveolar capillaries → pulmonary venules and veins → left atrium | Pulmonary circuit |
| Oxygen-rich blood moves from left atrium to left ventricle | Systemic circuit |
| Baroreceptors in aortic arch that monitor blood pressure | Aortic bodies |
| Main Portions in Aorta | ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta |
| Supplies right side of head and upper limb; splits into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries | Left common carotid artery |
| Supplies left arm | Left subclavian artery |
| Aorta eventually branches into the 2 Common _______ ______. | Iliac Arteries |
| -System which supplies blood to the brain -Formed by merging of the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery (formed by 2 vertebral arteries uniting inside cranial cavity) | Cerebral Arterial Circle |
| Returns blood to heart after exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and cells | Systemic venous circulation |
| All systemic veins converge into the _______ and _________ venae cavae, and return to the heart through the right atrium | Superior and inferior |
| Deep set of veins: | Digital veins → radial and ulnar veins → brachial veins |
| Superficial set of veins: | Anastomoses in palm and wrist → basilic and cephalic veins - Basilic vein joins brachial vein, and cephalic vein joins axillary vein |
| Veins that drain the abdominal and thoracic walls: | Tributaries of the brachiocephalic and azygos veins -The azygos vein drains directly into the superior vena cava |
| -Unusual, in that they do not transport blood directly to the heart -Filter blood through 2 sets of capillaries, instead of the usual 1 set -One set of capillaries performs a unique function in the body | Portal veins |
| -Unique venous pathway that drains abdominal viscera -Blood from capillaries in the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen drain into the hepatic portal vein, which transports it to the liver for processing, it is delivered to inferior vena cava | Hepatic portal system |
| Veins in foot → anterior and posterior tibial veins → popliteal vein → femoral vein → external iliac vein | Deep set of veins |
| Veins in foot → small and great saphenous veins | Superficial set of veins |
| _____ ___________ vein is the longest vein in the body | Great Saphenous |
| Disease involving deposition of cholesterol plaque on inner walls of coronary arteries -Leads to obstruction of coronary arteries, O2 deficiency in cardiac muscle -Often accompanied by high serum cholesterol and hypertension | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
| Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus flow into the ______ | right atrium |
| When the right ventricle contracts, blood is pushed through the ________ valve into the pulmonary trunk. | |
| What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins drain into? | left atrium |
| Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus flow into the ______. | right atrium |
| Blood flows from the left atrium into what chamber of the heart? | left ventricle |
| Where is the mitral, or bicuspid, valve located? | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk? | Right ventricle |
| The left ventricular contraction forces blood into the ______, a large artery. | aorta |
| Where is the the pulmonary semilunar valve located? | between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
| Which are the two semilunar valves? | aortic valve pulmonary valve |
| The left ________ receives blood from the four pulmonary ______. | Atrium Vein |
| What structure empties blood into the left ventricle? | left atrium |
| Which two names are used to refer to the AV valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? | mitral valve bicuspid valve |
| What chamber of the heart pushes blood into the aorta? | Left ventricle |
| Where does the blood that enters the left atrium come from? | pulmonary veins |
| Which heart chamber receives blood that is low in oxygen? | Right atrium |
| Blood flows from the left atrium into what chamber of the heart? | left ventricle |
| Describes the path of a blood cell from the superior vena cava as it makes its way through the heart? | right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lung --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta |
| The left atrioventricular valve is also called the ___________ valve. | mitral or bicuspid |
| The first branches of the aorta provide blood to the myocardium. They are called the left and right _________ arteries. | coronary |
| Blood entering the right atrium is ______ in oxygen and ______ in carbon dioxide. | low; high |
| Where is the mitral, or bicuspid, valve located? | between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| What do the coronary arteries supply? | Heart Myocardium |
| What is the function of the coronary arteries? | supply the heart tissues with oxygenated blood |
| Which heart chamber receives blood that is low in oxygen? | right atrium |
| The sudden death of a patch of myocardium, resulting from obstruction of the coronary circulation is called ______. | myocardial infarction |
| How do myocardial cells of the heart receive oxygen-rich blood? | From the coronary arteries |
| What is the name of the main vessels that supply the heart tissue with blood? | Coronary arteries |
| The contraction of a heart chamber's muscle is called ______. | Systole |
| A blood cell is traveling in the inferior vena cava and approaches the heart. Rank the following structures in the order in which the cell encounters them, starting with the first one at the top. | 1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle 3. Lungs 4. Left Atrium 5. Left Ventricle |
| Which term describes the relaxation of a heart chamber muscle? | Diastole |
| How does the heart pump blood? | The atria contract, then the ventricles, followed by relaxation of all four chambers. |
| What is systole? | The contraction of heart chamber muscle |
| Cardiac muscle cells can contract as a unit because adjacent cells are connected by ______. | intercalated discs |
| What is the term for a group of cardiac muscle cells that function together as a unit? | Functional syncytium |
| Heart sounds are generated when blood vibrates the wall of the heart due to the ______ of the valves. | closing |
| What is diastole? | Relaxation of the heart chamber muscle |
| The sound produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves closing is the ______ heart sound. | first (S1) |
| During the heart's operation, when the atria contract, the ventricles are ______; when the ventricles contract the atria are ______. | relaxing; relaxing |
| What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers? | branching connected by intercalated discs |
| What is a functional syncytium? | a mass of cardiac cells that act as a unit |
| What causes the lubb-dubb sound of a heartbeat, as heard through a stethoscope? | the vibrations in heart tissue as blood flow is slowed when valves close |
| The first heart sound (S1) is associated with the closing of the ________ valves. | atrioventricular |
| Branching cells that are uninucleate and striated are typical of __________ muscle fibers. | cardiac |
| The closing of which valves is associated with the second heart sound (S2)? | semilunar valves |
| When a physician listens to heart sounds through a stethoscope, she hears vibrations in heart tissues associated with blood turbulence caused by ______. | the closing of heart valves |
| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Aortic Valve | Right 2nd intercostal space |
| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Pulmonic Valve | Left 2nd intercostal space |
| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Mitral Valve | Left 5th intercostal space at nipple line |
| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Tricupsid Valve | Left 5th intercostal space near sternum |
| A child develops scarlet fever which damages his bicuspid valve and leaves the edges of the valve's flaps irregular. As the child becomes an adult, this might cause a doctor to detect an abnormal sound, called a(n) ______. | Murmur |
| What happens after the ventricles of the heart complete their contraction? | All four chambers of the heart relax for a brief interval. |
| The rise and fall of blood ______ in the heart chambers is the cause of the opening and closing of heart valves | Pressure |
| What happens during ventricular contraction? | the AV valves close |
| The second heart sound (S2) occurs during ventricular ______, when the ______ valves close. | diastole; semilunar |
| What happens when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure? | Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected. |
| The opening and closing of the heart valves is associated with ______. | changes in chamber pressure |
| Why do the AV valves close? | Contraction of the ventricles forces blood against the valves pushing them closed. |
| What is the order through which blood flows in vessels from the heart back to the heart? | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| Arteries are strong, elastic vessels because they have to transport blood ______. | under relatively high blood pressure |
| When is blood ejected from the heart? | When ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure |
| Blood flows from the heart into vessels called ______ which delivers blood to the __________ within the tissues. Blood returns from the tissues to the heart in vessels called ________. | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| What are some characteristics of an artery? | elastic thick walled and strong |
| As arteries branch or subdivide, they give rise to a smaller vessels called a(n) ______. | arterioles |
| Oxygenated blood is leaving the heart. List the vessels in the order in which blood passes through them. | 1. Artery 2. Arteriole 3. Capillary 4. Venule 5. Vein |
| Place the following vessels in order from the largest (at the top) to the smallest. | 1. Artery 2. Arteriole 3. Capillary |
| Indicate the tunics of arterial walls. | tunica media tunica externa tunica interna |
| What are functions of the endothelium lining a blood vessel? | prevents inappropriate blood clotting secretes substances that stimulate vessel dilation or constriction provides a smooth surface for blood flow |
| Contraction of the smooth muscle in the tunica media of an artery causes | Vasoconstriction |
| What is vasodilation? | an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel |
| What layer of an artery provides a smooth surface for blood cells to flow through and helps prevent blood clotting? | Endothelium |
| Relaxation of the smooth muscles in the tunica media of an artery causes its diameter to increase. This is called ______. | Vasodilation |
| What are capillary walls composed of? | simple squamous epithelium |
| What vessels allow for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between the blood and the tissue fluid surrounding cells? | Capillaries |
| What is the most important mechanism by which materials are transported between capillary blood and tissue fluid? | Diffusion |
| Microscopic vessels that are continuations of capillaries and merge to eventually form veins are called ________; | Venules |
| Blood is transported back to the heart in large vessels called | Veins |
| Larger lumen, overall thinner wall | Vein |
| Thicker tunica media, More elastic connective tissue | Artery |
| Because blood entering a systemic capillary network has high concentrations of oxygen and nutrients, these substances move from the blood to the tissue fluid by the process of | Diffusion |
| Veins transport blood to the ______. | atria of the heart |
| How does the tunica media of a vein compare to that of an artery? | A vein will have a less developed tunica media. |
| The infolding of the tunica intima in veins forms structures called ______, which prevent backflow of blood. | Valves |
| What is the function of a venous valve? | prevents the reverse flow of blood through the vessel |
| Systolic pressure is the arterial blood pressure attained during what phase of the cardiac cycle? | Ventricular contraction |
| As blood flows toward the heart, venous valves are ______. When gravity pulls blood away from the heart, venous valves are ______. | open; closed |
| The lowest blood pressure in the arteries occurs during ventricular relaxation and is called the ______. | Diastolic pressure |
| Blood pressure is usually measured at the _______ artery. | brachial |
| The alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall can be felt as a ________ in an artery that runs close to the surface, such as the radial artery. | Pulse |
| What is cardiac output? | The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles each minute |
| What factors contribute to venous return to the heart? | pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contractions vein vasoconstriction |
| A common area to take a pulse is on the wrist using the ______ artery. | Radial |
| The alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall can be felt as a in an artery that runs close to the surface, such as the radial artery. | Pulse |
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