Cardiovascular System Part 2
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| Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart | show 🗑
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| Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries | show 🗑
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| Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells | show 🗑
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| show | Venules
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| Receive blood from venules, and carry it back to the atria of the heart | show 🗑
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| show | Arteries
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| Layers of Tunic: -Innermost layer, Endothelium | show 🗑
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| show | Tunica Media
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| show | Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
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| show | Arterioles
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| True or False: Only arteries and not arterioles can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation | show 🗑
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| -Smallest-diameter blood vessels -Connect the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules -Extensions of the inner lining of arterioles -Walls consist of endothelium only -exchange substances between blood and tissue fluid | show 🗑
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| Capillaries: 1. Have small openings 2. Found in muscle, connective tissue, and skin | show 🗑
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| show | Fenestrated Capillaries
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| Capillaries: 1. Have largest openings spaces between cells are small cavities 2. Discontinuous 3. Found in liver, spleen, and red bone marrow | show 🗑
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| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Most important method of transfer 2. Lipid-soluble substances diffuse through cell membrane; water-soluble substances diffuse through membrane channels and slits | show 🗑
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| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through membrane 2. Pressure is derived from ventricular contraction | show 🗑
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| Exchanges in Capillaries: 1. Presence of impermeant solute, such as plasma proteins, inside capillaries creates osmotic pressure 2. Osmotic pressure draws water into capillaries, opposing filtration | show 🗑
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| -Microscopic vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to veins -Thinner walls and less smooth muscle that arterioles | show 🗑
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| -Tunica media less developed than in arteries -Carry blood under relatively low pressure -Function as blood reservoirs -Many have one-way valves to help with blood flow | show 🗑
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| Deposits of cholesterol plaque form in inner lining of walls of arteries | show 🗑
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| show | Aneurysm
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| Inflammation of a vein; common disorder | show 🗑
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| Abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins; most common in legs | show 🗑
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| The force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Circulates the blood | show 🗑
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| show | Systemic arteries
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| Rises when the ventricles contract -Falls when the ventricles relax | show 🗑
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| show | Arterial systolic pressure (SP)
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| show | Arterial diastolic pressure (DP)
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| Blood pressure is stated in units of mm Hg, and is typically measured with a _____________________. | show 🗑
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| -Force of friction between blood and walls of blood vessels -Blood pressure must overcome PR in order to flow -Factors that change PR also change blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Epinephrine
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| show | Peripheral resistance (PR)
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| Reduces arteriole diameter, increases PR, and increases blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Vasodilation
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| show | Vasomotor center
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| show | Hypertension
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| Contributes to formation of atherosclerosis -May lead to coronary thrombosis or embolism -May lead to cerebral thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage, perhaps resulting in a transient ischemic attack (TIA, ministroke) -(CVA, stroke) | show 🗑
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| show | Venous Blood Flow
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| When muscle contract, they squeeze veins, and help move blood back toward heart | show 🗑
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| show | Respiratory movements
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| show | Vasoconstriction of veins (venoconstriction)
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| Veins act as _____ ______, which can alter its capacity in response to changes in blood volume | show 🗑
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| show | Central Venous Pressure
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| show | Pulmonary circuit
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| Oxygen-rich blood moves from left atrium to left ventricle | show 🗑
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| show | Aortic bodies
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| show | ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending
aorta
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| show | Left common carotid artery
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| Supplies left arm | show 🗑
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| show | Iliac Arteries
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| -System which supplies blood to the brain -Formed by merging of the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery (formed by 2 vertebral arteries uniting inside cranial cavity) | show 🗑
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| Returns blood to heart after exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and cells | show 🗑
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| All systemic veins converge into the _______ and _________ venae cavae, and return to the heart through the right atrium | show 🗑
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| Deep set of veins: | show 🗑
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| Superficial set of veins: | show 🗑
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| Veins that drain the abdominal and thoracic walls: | show 🗑
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| show | Portal veins
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| show | Hepatic portal system
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| Veins in foot → anterior and posterior tibial veins → popliteal vein → femoral vein → external iliac vein | show 🗑
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| show | Superficial set of veins
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| _____ ___________ vein is the longest vein in the body | show 🗑
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| Disease involving deposition of cholesterol plaque on inner walls of coronary arteries -Leads to obstruction of coronary arteries, O2 deficiency in cardiac muscle -Often accompanied by high serum cholesterol and hypertension | show 🗑
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| Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus flow into the ______ | show 🗑
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| What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins drain into? | show 🗑
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| show | right atrium
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| Blood flows from the left atrium into what chamber of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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| show | Right ventricle
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| show | aorta
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| show | between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
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| Which are the two semilunar valves? | show 🗑
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| The left ________ receives blood from the four pulmonary ______. | show 🗑
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| show | left atrium
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| Which two names are used to refer to the AV valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? | show 🗑
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| What chamber of the heart pushes blood into the aorta? | show 🗑
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| Where does the blood that enters the left atrium come from? | show 🗑
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| show | Right atrium
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| show | left ventricle
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| show | right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lung --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta
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| show | mitral or bicuspid
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| show | coronary
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| Blood entering the right atrium is ______ in oxygen and ______ in carbon dioxide. | show 🗑
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| Where is the mitral, or bicuspid, valve located? | show 🗑
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| What do the coronary arteries supply? | show 🗑
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| show | supply the heart tissues with oxygenated blood
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| Which heart chamber receives blood that is low in oxygen? | show 🗑
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| show | myocardial infarction
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| show | From the coronary arteries
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| show | Coronary arteries
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| The contraction of a heart chamber's muscle is called ______. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Lungs
4. Left Atrium
5. Left Ventricle
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| Which term describes the relaxation of a heart chamber muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | The atria contract, then the ventricles, followed by relaxation of all four chambers.
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| show | The contraction of heart chamber muscle
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| show | intercalated discs
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| show | Functional syncytium
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| Heart sounds are generated when blood vibrates the wall of the heart due to the ______ of the valves. | show 🗑
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| What is diastole? | show 🗑
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| show | first (S1)
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| show | relaxing; relaxing
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| What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers? | show 🗑
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| show | a mass of cardiac cells that act as a unit
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| What causes the lubb-dubb sound of a heartbeat, as heard through a stethoscope? | show 🗑
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| show | atrioventricular
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| show | cardiac
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| show | semilunar valves
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| When a physician listens to heart sounds through a stethoscope, she hears vibrations in heart tissues associated with blood turbulence caused by ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Right 2nd intercostal space
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| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Pulmonic Valve | show 🗑
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| Best Place to hear Heartbeat of this portion of the lung: Mitral Valve | show 🗑
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| show | Left 5th intercostal space near sternum
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| show | Murmur
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| What happens after the ventricles of the heart complete their contraction? | show 🗑
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| show | Pressure
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| show | the AV valves close
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| The second heart sound (S2) occurs during ventricular ______, when the ______ valves close. | show 🗑
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| What happens when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure? | show 🗑
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| The opening and closing of the heart valves is associated with ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Contraction of the ventricles forces blood against the valves pushing them closed.
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| show | arteries, capillaries, veins
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| show | under relatively high blood pressure
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| show | When ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure
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| show | arteries, capillaries, veins
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| show | elastic
thick walled and strong
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| show | arterioles
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| Oxygenated blood is leaving the heart. List the vessels in the order in which blood passes through them. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Artery
2. Arteriole
3. Capillary
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| show | tunica media
tunica externa
tunica interna
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| show | prevents inappropriate blood clotting
secretes substances that stimulate vessel dilation or constriction
provides a smooth surface for blood flow
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| Contraction of the smooth muscle in the tunica media of an artery causes | show 🗑
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| What is vasodilation? | show 🗑
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| What layer of an artery provides a smooth surface for blood cells to flow through and helps prevent blood clotting? | show 🗑
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| Relaxation of the smooth muscles in the tunica media of an artery causes its diameter to increase. This is called ______. | show 🗑
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| What are capillary walls composed of? | show 🗑
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| show | Capillaries
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| What is the most important mechanism by which materials are transported between capillary blood and tissue fluid? | show 🗑
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| Microscopic vessels that are continuations of capillaries and merge to eventually form veins are called ________; | show 🗑
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| show | Veins
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| show | Vein
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| show | Artery
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| Because blood entering a systemic capillary network has high concentrations of oxygen and nutrients, these substances move from the blood to the tissue fluid by the process of | show 🗑
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| Veins transport blood to the ______. | show 🗑
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| How does the tunica media of a vein compare to that of an artery? | show 🗑
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| The infolding of the tunica intima in veins forms structures called ______, which prevent backflow of blood. | show 🗑
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| show | prevents the reverse flow of blood through the vessel
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| show | Ventricular contraction
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| show | open; closed
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| The lowest blood pressure in the arteries occurs during ventricular relaxation and is called the ______. | show 🗑
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| Blood pressure is usually measured at the _______ artery. | show 🗑
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| The alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall can be felt as a ________ in an artery that runs close to the surface, such as the radial artery. | show 🗑
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| What is cardiac output? | show 🗑
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| What factors contribute to venous return to the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | Radial
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| The alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall can be felt as a in an artery that runs close to the surface, such as the radial artery. | show 🗑
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