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ssc psych ch 3-4
General Psychology using King's experience psychology
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense | process to understand the objects and events around us |
| bottom-up processing | the operation in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation | sensation operation; what ears hear |
| top-down processing | the operation in which cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels allow the organism to sense what is happening and apply that gramework to information from the world | perception operation; what the brain interprets |
| sensory receptors | specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain | trigger action potentials in sensory neurons |
| sensory currents | electricity sent along afferent nerves reflective of the intensity of stimulation | |
| photoreception | detection of light | sight |
| mechanoreception | detection of pressure, vibration, and movement | touch, hearing, and equilibrium |
| chemoreception | detection of chemical stimuli | smell and taste |
| synaesthesia | an experience in one sense induces an experience in another sense | see music, taste a color |
| mirror therapy | treats phantom limb pain | Young, 2008 |
| thalamus | nearly all sensory signals are relayed through here, onto the cerebral cortex | |
| absolute threshold | minimum abount of stimulus energy that a person can detect | we cannot detect energy below this level |
| noise | irrelevant and competing stimuli | any sounds that are distracting stimuli to our senses |
| subliminal perception | the detection of information below the level of counscious awareness | research supports effect of these stimuli on performance |
| difference threshold aka just noticeable difference | the degree of difference that mush exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected | increase as a stimulus becomes stronger; small changes are less noticeable at high levels of stimulation |
| selective attention | the act of focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring others | allows cocktail party effect, is shiftable |
| inattentional blindness | the failure to detect unexpected events when attention is engaged by a task | Simons and Chabris study with gorilla suit |
| perceptual set | a predispostion or readiness to perceive something in a particular way | "psychological" filters in processing information |
| sensory adaptation | a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation | eyes adjusting to light or darkness, cold pool feeling warm, initially irritating noises |
| ESP | reading someone's mind or 'seeing' the future in absence of concrete sensory input | no scientific evidence supports it |
| light | a form of electromagnetic energy described in tems of wavelengths | wavelength of light that is reflected from a stimulus determines its color |
| visible light | wavelength ranges from about 400 to 700 nanometers | scera |
| rods | receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision | function well under low illumination. humans have about 120 million |
| cones | receptor cells in the retina for color perception | light-sensitive, but require more light to respond, so function well in daylight or high illumination. humans have about 6 million |
| retina | the eye's "film" at the back of the eye | fovea is the most important part, contains only cones. blind spot, place where optic nerve leaves eye |
| optic nerve | at the back of the eye, carries visual information to the brain for further processing | axons of ganglion cells |
| optic chiasm | point in brain where optic nerves fibers divide and about half cross over the midline of the brain | crossings mean what we see on the left registers on the right side of the brain, and vice versa |
| feature detectors | neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus | Hubel and Wiesel (1963), Nobel Prize for research |
| visual cortex | in occipital lobe; where visual information is processed | has feature detectors (neurons) |
| parallel processing | the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways | lets us "see" shapes, colors, movements, locations all at once |
| binding | the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different pathways or cells | |
| trichromatic theory | theory that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths | Young 1802, von Helmholtz 1852. RGB |
| color blindness | depends on which of the three kinds of cones is inactive | |
| Ewald Hering | opponent-process theory | trichromatic theory didn't explain afterimages |
| opponent-process theory | theory of four types of color receptor cones, organized in complementary pairs | r-g, b-y |
| figure-ground relationship | the principle by which we organize the preceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over | some are highly ambiguous; old hag/pretty young lady pic |
| gestalt psychology | school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to patterns | figure-ground relationship is part of this. a movie vs its frames |
| depth cues | binocular cues depend on two eyes. convergence is a binocular cue. monocular cues available from one eye | difference in binocular cues use to perceive depth |
| auditory system | sound waves, wavelength determines frequency | |
| pitch | the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of sound | |
| amplitude of sound wave | measured in decibels, amount of pressure the sound wave produces relative to a standard | |
| loudness | the perceptual interpretation of the sound wave's amplitude | |
| timbre | the perceptual interpretation of a sound | tone saturation |
| place theory | theory stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane | Bekesy 1960 theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound. doesnt explain low-frequency sounds |
| frequency theory | theory stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires | theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, in low frequency. doesnt apply to tones with frequencies requiring a neuron to fire more rapidly |
| volley principle | modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession | sends a volley of impulses |
| localizing sound | differences (between ears) in both timing and intensity of sound help to localize | |
| thermoreceptors | sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep body temp normal | |
| pain | sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies | receptors are dispersed widely throughout the body |
| fast pathway | transmits information about sharp, localized pain to brain | fibers connect directly to thalamus then to motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex |
| slow pathway | pain information travels through the limbic system | reminds brain informatino has occured. detour delays arrival of information to cerebral cortex |
| taste | papillae on tongue are taste receptors | about 10000 'taste buds' |
| olfactory epithelium | lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell | unusally neurons here usually replace themselves after injury |
| smell pathways | only sensory pathway not to pass through thalamus | goes to olfactory areas in temporal lobes then projects. superhighway to emotion and memory |
| kinesthetic senses | provide information about movement, posture, and orientation | in mm fibers and joints, signal state of mm |
| vestibular sense | provides information about balance and movement | |
| stream of consciousness | a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings | coined by William James to describe the mind |
| consciousness | an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal | |
| arousal | the physiological state of being engaged in the environment | part of consciousness; physiological state involved with brain stem, medulla, and thalamus |
| awareness | subjective state of consciousness to surroundings involves cerebral cortex, esp frontal lobes | |
| unconscious thought | Freud; a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness | |
| sensation | the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy | process to detect objects and events around us |
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