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Personality (ch.12)
Psych 111 -- Intro to Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that are consistent in a person over time. | Personality |
| long-term disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. | Personality Traits |
| Example: Eeyore is a pessimistic character. Everywhere he goes so does his negativity trait. | Personality Traits |
| Studied traits using factor analysis. | Cattel |
| Developed the 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire. | Cattel |
| Examples: Reserved/Outgoing. Relaxed/Tense. Trusting/Suspicious. | Cattel |
| Developed the "Big 5" Personality Traits. | McRae + Costa |
| Believe most personality traits fall under 5 categories: OCEAN. | McRae + Costa |
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. | "Big 5" Personality Traits (OCEAN) |
| open to novel experiences, narrow interests, original, imaginative, artistic, creative. | Openness -- "Big 5" |
| responsible, dependable, impulsive, careless (responsible vs. not, fussy vs. careless). | Conscientiousness -- "Big 5" |
| outgoing/decisive, shy/withdrawn (how open you are with things). | Extraversion -- "Big 5" |
| warm + good-natured/unfriendly + cold, jealous or mild, gentle or head strong. | Agreeableness -- "Big 5" |
| stable + doesn't worry/nervous + emotionally unstable, calm vs. anxious. | Neuroticism -- "Big 5" |
| How personality is formed. | Psychodynamic Theory -- Freud |
| Focus on influences of early childhood, unconscious motives/conflicts, *sexual and aggressive urges. | Freud's Psychoanalytical Theory |
| ID, EGO, SUPEREGO. | Freud's Basic Structure of Personality |
| impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain (IF IT FEELS GOOD DO IT!). | ID |
| "voice of reason", mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises. | EGO |
| moral component of personality, rigid standards. | SUPEREGO |
| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital | Freud's Stage Theory |
| Birth - 1 year | Oral Stage |
| sexual interests: sucking, swallowing, biting. | Oral Stage |
| lasting concerns with dependence and independence; pleasure from eating, drinking, and other oral activities. | Effects of Fixation -- Oral Stage |
| 1-3 years. | Anal Stage |
| sexual interests: expelling + retaining feces. | Anal Stage |
| orderliness, stinginess, stubbornness. | Effects of Fixation -- Anal Stage |
| 3-5/6 years. | Phallic Stage |
| sexual interests: touching penis/clitoris -- Oedipus Complex. | Phallic Stage |
| difficulty feeling closeness. Males -- fear of castration. Females -- penis envy, feel inferior to boys. | Effects of Fixation -- Phallic Stage |
| 5/6-puberty. | Latency Period |
| sexual interests suppressed (keep feelings hidden). | Latency Period |
| puberty - onward. | Genital Stage |
| sexual contact with other people (sexual contact wanted). | Genital Stage |
| Responses to anxiety which is cause by internal conflicts. Attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt. | Defense Mechanism |
| Examples: Displacement, Rationalization, Denial. | Defense Mechanisms |
| displacing feelings on someone safer like a dog instead of a boss. (you come in and had a bad day so you kicked the dog). | Displacement |
| I should study, but studying doesn't help, so lets party! | Rationalization |
| acting younger that used to; wetting beds, sucking thumbs, adults and temper tantrums. | Denial |
| used all the time in the most significant ways. What test? | Denial |
| Analytical Psychology | Carl Jung |
| studied with Freud (Freudian influence). | Carl Jung |
| Material which one has repressed or forgotten from personal experiences. | Personal Unconscious -- Jung |
| Example: terrible fight with with mom and then mom gets in a bad car accident. | Personal Unconscious |
| traces of inherited memories from one's ancestral past; archetypes or images and thoughts with universal meaning. | Collective Unconscious -- Jung |
| 1st person to describe the introvert/extravert personality type. | Carl Jung |
| those preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences (more reclusive). | Introvert |
| those interested in the external world of other people and things (more outgoing and friendly). | Extravert |
| Individual Psychology | Adler |
| stresses the motivation of superiority (we all want to be the best and are personally motivated). | Adler |
| Universal attempt to improve oneself and master life's challenges. | Individual Psychology |
| everyone must overcome feelings of weakness in comparison to competent adults/siblings. | Inferiority Complex |
| Example: Dad, I'm your favorite child aren't I? | Inferiority Complex |
| Efforts to develop one's own abilities in response to inferiorities. | Compensation |
| Example: I'll never catch a basketball, but I can catch a softball. | Compensation |
| attempts to "conceal" one's own feelings of inferiority. | Overcompensation |
| Example: in Shrek, he says about Lord Farquad, "I think someone is trying to overcompensate for something" since he is very short and has a large castle (makes up for his short height). | Overcompensation |
| Reciprocal Determination | Bandura |
| reinforcement history and cognitive influence behavior. | Reciprocal Determination |
| We see what we expect to see | Reciprocal Determination |
| We place ourselves in places which we will confirm our beliefs (do what you think will confirm thoughts). | Reciprocal Determination |
| belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. | Self-Efficacy |
| Acquired from 4 sources. | Self-Efficacy |
| 1) Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles. | Self-Efficacy (1) |
| Example: riding a bike -- falling off, getting right back on! | Self-Efficacy (1) |
| 2) Successful and competent role models. | Self-Efficacy (2) |
| 3) "+" feedback and ecouragement. | Self-Efficacy (3) |
| 4) Awareness of feelings/manage responses. | Self-Efficacy (4) |
| Locus on Control. | Rotter |
| people believe they are responsible for what happens to them. | Internal Locus of Control |
| people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate, or other people. | External Locus of Control |
| Peson by Situation Interaction | Mischel |
| People express particular traits in certain situations. | Peson by Situation Interaction - Mischel |
| Most likely to see consistency within these similar traits. | Peson by Situation Interaction - Mischel |
| Some traits are more situationally determined. | Peson by Situation Interaction - Mischel |
| Example: honesty --- remind waiter if they forgot to put something on the bill. | Peson by Situation Interaction - Mischel |
| Focus on the inner experience of one's personality and development. | Humanistic Perspective |
| unique human qualities. | Humanistic Perspective |
| Freedom and potential for human growth | Humanistic Perspective |
| can control impulses. not based on irrational needs and conflicts. | Optimistic view of Human Nature |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow |
| When you look at self-esteem needs with Maslow. 2 Levels. | EC -- Hierarchy of Needs |
| when people to get respect from others. | Lower Level -- Hierarchy of Needs |
| people have their own self-respect and own sense of confidence. | Higher Level -- Hierarchy of Needs |
| Goal of humans is to be self-actualized; a basic hierarchy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth. | Maslow |
| a pyramid of needs. | Hierarchy of Needs |
| portion as being actualized. | Top |
| bottom > top | Hierarchy of Needs |
| hunger, thirst, etc. | Physiological Needs |
| long-term survival and stability. | Safety + Security Needs |
| affiliation + acceptance. | Belongingness + Love Needs |
| achievement + gaining of recognition. | Esteem Needs |
| knowledge + understanding. | Aesthetic Needs |
| realization + potential. | Need for Self-Actualization |
| Regression, if lower needs are not being satisfied. | Lower on Pyramid |
| Progression, if higher needs are satisfied. | Higher on Pyramid |
| _____________ is what you get from telling yourself you did well. | Higher Self-Esteem |
| _____________ is what you get from other people telling you you did a good job. | Lower Self-Esteem |
| accepts the self-actualizing tendency; explores people who do and don't function well. | Carl Rogers |
| looked at relationship between self and person. | Carl Rogers |
| self = one's conscious feelings/views of self. | Carl Rogers |
| person = sum of experiences, feelings, perception of wishes. | Carl Rogers |
| Example: some people who believe they're honest, yet are upset with something they did (a hit and run accident). | Carl Rogers |
| Found that if someone who looks at the sum of things, they realize it was a blimp, and they can overcome the mistake | Carl Rogers |
| when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows for "+" functioning. | Congruence |
| sense of self/person are in conflict. | Incongruence |
| attempt to resolve conflict; accept that one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts one in a "+" and accepting manner. | Unconditioned Positive Regard |
| body types "somatotypes" linked with personality characteristics. | Sheldon |
| round, soft body, few muscles. | Endomorph |
| ex: tolerant, calm, needs affection. | Endomorph |
| muscular, upright, firm, mature. | Mesomorph |
| ex: adventurous, competitive, less empathetic. | Mesomorph |
| thin, delicate, few muscles, smart. | Ectomorph |
| ex: shy, introverted, self-conscious. | Ectomorph |
| Personality is determined by a large extent to one's genes. | Eysenck's Theory |
| all of personality emerges from 3 higher order traits. | Eysenck's Theory |
| Extraversion. Neuroticism, Psychoticism. | 3 Higher Order Traits |
| being sociable, assertive, lively. | Extraversion |
| anxious, tense, moody, low self-esteem. | Neuroticism |
| egocentric, cold, impulsive. | Psychoticism |
| explores our need to use self-esteem as a buffer against anxiety over our mortality. | Terror Management Theory |
| subjects give harsher penalties to rule breakers, giver greater rewards to those upholding cultural standards, respond more negatively to those critical of their country, show more respect for cultural icons (flags). | Research when "reminded" about one's Mortality --- Terror Management Theory |
Created by:
schlechy
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