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Anxiety
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Presentation 4

Psychology 100 Psychological Disorders and Treatments Chapter

QuestionAnswer
Anxiety Apprehension, uncertainty and fear resulting from the anticipation of a realistic or fantasized threatening event or situation
Anxiety Disorder Excessive or inappropriate anxiety, may feel life-threatening
Somatoform Disorders Physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but are actually psychological in origin
Hypochondriasis Continual preoccupation with the notion of suffering from a serious physical disease
Panic Attacks Brief, intense episodes of extreme fear, which include: sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy
Panic Disorder Repeated and unexpected panic attacks. Also persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritabilty across many areas of life functioning
Phobia Intense fear of an object or situation greatly out of proportion to actual threat
Agoraphobia Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
Specific Phobia Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
Social Phobia Marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event (fear, helplessness, horror)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Bulimia Recurrent binge eating followed by attempt to control weight
Anorexia Extreme low body weight and refusal to gain weight (fear of fatness)
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Persistent feelings of sadness, being overwhelmed, loss of interest & motivation
Dysthymic Disorder Symptoms less intense, but longer duration. Feelings of hopelessness & pessimism
Cognitive Model of Depression Cognitive distortions or skewed ways of thinking leads to depression
Learned Helplessness Lack of control leads to giving up, positives viewed as externally controlled
Bipolar Disorder Condition marked by at least one manic episode; characterized by mood swings
Manic Episodes Extreme euphoria, physical energy, rapid thoughts and speech
Bipolar I Disorder Alternating depression and mani
Bipolar II Disorder Major depressive episodes alternating with hypomania (not full mania)
Cyclothymic Disorder Less extreme mood swings than BP I
Schizophrenia Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
Delusions Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
Hallucinations False or distorted perceptions that seem real
Disorganized Speech Probably a thought disorder (not brain damage) though may resemble "word salad"
Disorganized Behavior Diminished self-care, hygiene; inappropriate emotional outbursts; strange clothing
Catatonic Symptoms Movement problems and immobility
Echolalia Repeating words over and over
Antisocial Personality Disorder Lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
Deficit in Fear Limited response to aversive stimuli in classical conditioning
Chronic Under-Arousal Require bigger and bolder steps to be motivated
Substance Abuse When one experiences recurrent problems associated with a substance
Substance Dependence Marked by symptoms of tolerance and withdrawl
Sociocultural Influences Cultural differences in attitudes toward alcohol and abuse from country to country (People use drugs when they are available)
Learning and Expectancies Drugs and alcohol are consumed in order to relive anxiety
Genetic Influences Alcoholism tends to run in families
Psychotherapy Designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems and improve quality of life
Behavior Therapy Focus on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Identify and assess the problem (behavioral assessment) then design and implement a strategy for behavior change
Exposure Therapy Confronts patients with their fears, with the goal of reducing that fear (very effective treatment for phobias)
Systematic Desensitization taught to relax as gradually exposed to feared object/situation in a stepwise manner
Flooding Patients immediately experience their greatest fear, with no aversive consequences
Response Prevention Therapists prevent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors
Dismantling Research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
Thought Field Therapy Bogus attempt at curing fears through tapping and humming
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Active ingredient probably exposure not eye movements
Participant Modeling Therapist first models a problematic situation, and then guides the patient through steps to cope with it unassisted (Observational Learning)
Assertiveness Training Being able to ask for what you need in a direct and responsible manner
Behavioral Rehearsal Role-Playing difference responses to situations, often from different perspectives
Operant Procedures Using reward and punishment to shape behavior
Token Economy Desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that patients can exchange for tangible rewards
Aversion Therapy Uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational thoughts (cognitions) with more adaptive, rational ones
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis) We respond to an (A) activating event with a range of emotional and behavioral (C) consequences and our responses vary because of our (B) beliefs about the world and ourselves
Beck's Cognitive Therapy Emphasizes identification and modification of automatic, negative thoughts and long-held negative core beliefs
Eclecticism Sampling bits and pieces from other approaches (or making it up)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Linehan) Treatment for suicide-risk patients
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Coming to accept emotions / circumstances
Pharmacotherapy Use of medications to treat psychological problems
Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) Irreversible side effect of some antipsychotic drugs; involuntary movements of facial muscles and twitching of neck, arms & legs
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Brief electrical pulses to the brain which produce a seizure and treat serious psychological problems (last resort)
Psychosurgery Brain surgery to treat psychological problems
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