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Gen Psych Final
General Psychology Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prologue "Armed with Bravery" | Aron Ralston: cut off arm to escape canyon where he was trapped |
| Motivation | factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. Has biological, cognitive and social aspects |
| Maslow's Hierarchy | Motivational needs in hierarchy and suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order need can met, certain primary needs must be satisfied, represented by pyramid with more basic needs at bottom |
| Obesity | Body weight that is more than 20 percent above average for a persons size/weight |
| BMI | Used to measure obesity, based on ratio of weight to height. |
| Obese BMI | 30+ |
| Overweight BMI | 25-30 |
| Dieting and losing weight | most people who diet eventually regain the weight |
| Eating disorders | among the 10 most frequent causes of disability in young women |
| Anorexia Nervosa | people refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual |
| Bulimia | disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food, feel guilt and depression and often induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of food, known as purging |
| Exercise Bulimia | focus on purging calories they do consume by exercising excessively |
| Heterosexuality | sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex |
| Homosexuals | sexually attracted to members of their own sex |
| Bisexuals | sexually attracted to people of the same sex and other sex |
| Homosexual and bisexual mental health | there is no relationship between sexual orientation and psychological adjustment, same quality of mental and physical health as heterosexuals |
| Alferd Kinsey Research | considered sexual orientation along scale or continuum, exclusively homosexual to exclusively heterosexual |
| Emotions | feeling that generally have both psychological and cognitive elements that influence behavior |
| Function of emotions | preparing for actions: "fight or flight", shaping our future behavior: avoidance of previously unpleasant events, helping us interact more effectively with others: communications with verbal and nonverbal behaviors |
| Developmental psychology | branch of psych that studies the patters of growth and change that occur throughout life |
| Prologue "They met in day care" | interactions between the unfolding of biologically predetermined patters of behavior and constantly changing, dynamic environment |
| Genetic factors provide | potential/limitations for specific traits or behaviors |
| Environmental factors | play critical role in enabling people to reach potential |
| chromosomes | rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information |
| genes | parts of chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted |
| Sex determined by | specific combination of genes, child inherits an X chromosome from mother and either X or Y from father |
| Attachment | the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a specific individual |
| Harry Harlow Experiment | gave infant monkeys choice or cuddling a wire "monkey" that provided milk, or a soft terry-cloth "monkey" that was warm, infant monkey choose soft monkey |
| Authoritarian Parents | parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children |
| Children of authoritarian parents | unsociable, unfriendly, and relatively withdrawn |
| Permissive Parents | parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them |
| Children of permissive parents | immaturity, moodiness, dependence, and low self-control |
| Authoritative parents | parents who are firm, set clear limits, reasons with their children, and explain things to them |
| children of authoritative parents | high social skills, likeable, self-reliant, independent and cooperative |
| Uninvolved parents | parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached |
| Children of uninvolved parents | emotionally detached, feel unloved, impeded physical and cognitive development |
| Erikson's Theory | developmental changes occurring throughout life as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development, four during childhood |
| Psychosocial development | changes in our interactions and understanding of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society |
| Trust-vs.-mistrust stage | birth to 1.5 yrs.: infants develop feelings of trust if their physical requirements and psychological needs for attachment are constantly met |
| Autonomy-vs.-shame-and-doubt stage | 1.5yrs to 3yrs: toddlers develop independence and autonomy if exploration is encouraged and shame and self-doubt if restricted |
| Initiative-vs.-guilt stage | 3yrs to 6yrs: desire to act independently conflicts with the guilt that comes from the unintended and unexpected consequences of such behavior |
| Industry-vs.-inferiority stage | 6yrs to 12yrs: develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less social |
| Stages of death and dying: Denial | resist the idea that they are dying |
| Stages of death and dying: Anger | angry at those around them who are in good health, angry at medical professionals for being ineffective, angry at God |
| Stages of death and dying: Bargaining | Try to think of ways to postpone death, decide to dedicate their lives to religion if God saves them |
| Stages of death and dying: Depression | realize their lives are coming to an end |
| Stages of death and dying: Acceptance | accept death, unemotional and uncommunicative, as if they have made peace with themselves and are expecting death with no bitterness |
| Prologue "Software engineer" | Google is concerned with the personality traits and habits of employees |
| Personality | pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person |
| Id | raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression and irrational impulses |
| Ego | part of personality that produces a buffer between id and the outside world |
| Superego | final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers and other important figures |
| Psychosexual Stages | developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual stages |
| Oral Stage | birth to 12-18 months: interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing and biting |
| Anal Stage | 12-18 months to 3yrs: gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society's controls relating to toilet training |
| Phallic Stage | 3 to 5-6yrs: interest in the genitals, coming to terms with Oedipal conflict leading to identification with same sex parent |
| Latency Stage | 5-6yrs to teens: sexual concerns are largely unimportant |
| Genital Stage | teen-adult: reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships |
| Oedipal Conflict | a child's sexual interest is his or her same sex parent, typically resolved through identification with same sex parent |
| Defense Mechanisms: Freudian Theory | unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of anxiety from themselves and others |
| Behaviorist Approach to personality | collection of learned behavior patterns, responses across different situations are caused by similar patters of reinforcement that have been received in such situations in the past |
| Humanistic Approach to personality | emphasizes peoples inherent goodness and their tendency to move towards higher level of functioning |
| Carl Rodgers theory | maintains that all people have fundamental need for self-actualization, a state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way |
| Prologue "Never a Moment's Rest" | experiencing and dealing with stress |
| Health psychology | factors related to wellness, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems; investigate the effects of psychological factors such as stress on illness |
| Stress | a persons response to events that are threatening or challenging |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | theory developed by Selye that suggests that a persons response to a stressor consists of three stages |
| General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm and Mobilization | occurs when people become aware of presence of a stressor |
| General Adaptation Syndrome: Resistance | body prepares to fight stressor |
| General Adaptation Syndrome: Exhaustion | persons ability to adapt to the stressor declines to the point where negative consequences of stress appear |
| 85 percent of patients | do not fully comply with a physicians recommendations |
| Between 14 and 21 percent of patients | don’t ever fill their prescriptions |
| 10 percent of adolescent pregnancies result from | noncompliance with birth control practices |
| sixty percent of all patients | cannot identify their own medications |
| From 30 to 50 percent of patients | ignore instructions or make errors in taking medication |
| Happy People | have high self-esteem, have firm sense of control, are optimistic, like to be around other people |
| Prologue "Chris Coles" | hearing voices: schizophrenia |
| Suicide bombers | not psychologically disordered, usually makes in early 20s, generally sociable, close friends, extroverted, situational pressures force bombing |
| DSM-IV-TR | classification system used by American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior |
| DSM-IV-TR Axis I | Clinical Disorders: disorders that produce stress and impair functioning |
| DSM-IV-TR Axis II | Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation: enduring, rigid behaviors or patterns |
| DSM-IV-TR Axis III | General Medical Conditions: Physical disorders that may be related to psychological disorders |
| DSM-IV-TR Axis IV | Psychosocial and Environmental Problems: Problems in a persons life such as stressors or life events that may affect the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of psychological disorders |
| DSM-IV-TR Axis V | Global Assessment of Functioning: Overall level of mental, social, occupational and leisure functioning |
| Anxiety Disorders | The occurrence of anxiety without obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | A disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent, unwanted thoughts or ideas) or compulsions (an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable) |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A sever form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making and sociability |
| Personality Disorder | Disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning normally |
| Schizophrenia | A class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs |
| Schizophrenia characteristics | decline from a previous level of functioning, disturbances in thoughts and language, delusions, hallucinations and perceptual disorders, emotional disturbances and withdrawal |
| Autism | A severe developmental disability that impairs children's ability to communicate with and relate to others |
| Deciding when you need help | long term feeling of distress, overwhelming high stress with the inability to cope, prolonged depression, withdrawal, thoughts of self or other harm, fear of phobia, paranoia, inability to interact with others |
| Prologue "Treating Depression" | electroshock therapy and its use in the treatment of depression |
| Psychotherapy | treatment in which a trained professional-a therapist- uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living or bring about personal growth |
| Biomedical Therapy | therapy relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning |
| Psychodynamic Therapy Approach | therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively |
| Behavioral Therapy Approach | treatment approach that builds upon the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assumes that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned |
| Cognitive Therapy Approach | treatment approach that teaches people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves |
| Cognitive-behavioral Therapy Approach | treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think |
| Humanistic Therapy Approach | therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems |
| Interpersonal Therapy Approach | short term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships |
| Group Therapy Approach | therapy in which people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems |
| Biomedical Therapy Approach | control of psychological disorders through the use of medications, symptoms return when medication is removed and the medications often have side effects |
| Person-Centered Therapy | also called client-centered therapy, the goal is to reach ones potential for self actualization |
| Has Eysenck | published study in 1952 that claimed people who received therapy were no better off than those who didn’t |
| Effectiveness of therapy | more detailed studies have concluded that therapy does work, psychotherapy works for most but no single for works for everyone |
| Drug Therapy | control of psychological disorders through the use of medications |
| Antipsychotics | drugs that temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations and delusion |
| Antidepressants | medications that improve a severely depressed patients mood and feeling of well being |
| Mood Stabilizers | drugs used to treat mood disorders, prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder |
| Antianxiety medications | drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences, essentially by reducing excitability and increase feelings of well being |
| psychosurgery | brain surgery in which the object is to reduce symptoms of mental disorder |
| current uses of psychosurgery | rare, only used as a "treatment of last resort" |
| cingulotomy | psychosurgery used in rare cases of OCD |
| Prologue "A Gift of Life" | Wesley Autrey jumped onto the subway tracks to cover Cameron Hollopeter who had fallen onto them, question as to why someone would act so heroically with so much risk |
| Social Psychology | scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by others |
| Milgrams Obedience Study - Setup | Stanley Milgram - 1960 - experimenter told participants to give increasingly stronger shocks to another person, who they could hear and were told had a heart condition, as part of a study on learning |
| Milgrams Obedience Study - Actual Study | the degree to which participants would comply with the experimenters requests |
| Milgrams Obedience Study - Results and Reasons | 65% of participants gave highest setting of shock, even as they heard the person screaming in pain, participants said they did so because they were following orders and experimenter was responsible for any ill effect |
| Stereotypes | a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members |
| Altruism | helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires sacrifice |
| Becoming an Informed Consumer "Dealing effectively with anger" | look at situation in perspective of others, minimize situations importance, fantasize about getting even (don’t act on it), relax |
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kallenpoole
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