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pols 101 freemuth
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| public opinion | the collective attitudes concerning a given issue or question. |
| skewed distribution | |
| bimodal distribution | |
| normal distribution | |
| stable distribution | |
| political socialization | the complex process by which people acquire their political values. |
| socioeconomic status | position in society based on a combination of education, occupational status, and income. |
| self-interest principle | the implication that people choose what benefits the personally. |
| issue framing | politicians and media using wording to make things appear one way to gain support. |
| mass media | the means employed in mass communication print and broadcast.. |
| attentive policy elites | group leaders who follow news in specific areas. b) Policy elites then influence public opinion by circulating their views in the mass media. |
| two step flow of communication | model emphasizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, from opion leaders to general masses. |
| blogs | are accessible to everyone and are not subject to commericals and politcal correctness. |
| newsworthiness | the degree to which a news story is important enough to be covered in the mass media |
| market-driven journalism | the way that news and commercials are targeted to specific demographic groups |
| infotainment infotainment | , which is a mix of information and diversion oriented to personalities or celebrities, not linked to the day’s events, and usually unrelated to public affairs or policy; often called “soft news” |
| Federal Communications Commission | fcc-An independant federal agency that regulateds interstand and international communication by radio television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite |
| gatekeepers | Big media are gatekeepers who influence and impact the flow of information to the masses |
| horse race journalism | election coverage by mass media that focuses on who is ahead rather than the issues. |
| media event | 1. An occasion that attracts prominent coverage by news organizations: "It was a media event with flowing blood and absurdist overtones |
| television hypothesis | the belief that television is to blame for the low level of citizen's knowledge about public affairs. |
| political agenda | A list of issues that need govt attention. |
| watchdog journalism | Journalism that scrutinizes public and business institutions and piblicizes perceived misconduct. |
| interest group | an organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy. Also called a lobby. |
| lobbies | a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by legislators and officials in the government by individuals, other legislators, constituents, or advocacy groups |
| lobbyist | Representative of an interest group.person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest or a member of a lobby. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential. |
| agenda building | focuses on how news covers and reflects influences government officials decision makers and elitist. |
| program monitoring | Congress passes law and assigns commitee to monitor programs. |
| interest group | Advocacy groups (also pressure groups, lobbyists use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political |
| free-rider problem | When groups or people consume more than their fair share of a resource. |
| trade associations | Trade associations are organizations that represent firms within a specific industry |
| political action committee | an organization that pools campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office. |
| direct lobbying | attempting to influence a legislators vote through personal contact with the legislator. |
| information campaigns | An organized effort to gain public backing by bringing a groups views to public attention. |
| coalition building | The banding together of several interest groups for the purpose of lobbying. |
| citizen group | lobbying organization built around policy concerns unrelated to members vocational interests. |
| civil liberties | Freedoms guarenteed to individuals |
| civil rights | powers or priveges guarenteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals. |
| establishment clause | The first clause in the first amendment which forbids government establishment of religion |
| free-exercise clause | The second clause in the first amendment which prevents the fovernment from interfering with the exercise of religion. |
| strict scrutiny | A stamdard used by the supreme court in deciding whether a law or polic is to by adjudged constitutional. To pass strict scrutiny. The law or policy must be justified by a a compelling governmental interest least. |
| free expression clauses | The press and speech clauses of the first amendment |
| prior restraint | censorship before publication |
| clear and present danger test | a MEANS BY WHICH THE SUPREME COURT HAS DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN SPEECH AS THE ADVOCACY OF IDEAS WHICH IS PROTECTED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND SPEECH AS INCITEMENT WHICH IS NOT PROTECTED |
| fighting words | |
| public figures | PEOPPLE WHO ASSUME ROLES OF PROMINENCE IN SOCIETY OR THRUST THEMSELVES INTO THE FOREFRONT OF PUBLIC CONTROVERSY |
| bills of attainer | LAW THAT PRONOUNCES AN INDIVIDUAL GUILTY WITHOUT A TRIAL |
| ex post facto | A LAW THAT DECLARES AN ACTION TO BE CRIMINAL AFTER IT HAS BEEN PERFORMED |
| obligation of contracts | THE OBLIGATION OF THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT TO CARRY OUT ITS TERMS |
| Miranda warnings | STATEMENTS CONCERNING RIGHTS THAT THE POLICE ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE TO A PERSON BEFORE HE OR SHE IS SUBJECT TO IN-CUSTODY QUESTIONING. |
| EXCLUSIONARY RULE | THE JUDICIAL RULE THAT STATES THAT EVIDENCE OBTAINED IN AN ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SIEZURE CANNOT BE USED IN TRIAL. |
| GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION | AN EXCEPTION TO THE SUPREME COURT EXCEPTIONARY RULE,HOLDING THHAT EVIDENCE SEIZED ON THE BASIS OF A MISTAKENLY ISSUED SIERCH WARRANT CAN BE INT |
| PUBLIC POLICY | A general plan of action adopted by the government to solve a social problem, counter a threat, or pursue an objective |
| REGULATION | rules that guide the operation of govt programs and business markets. |
| AGENDA SETTING | The state of the policymaking process during which problems get defined as political issues. |
| ISSUE DEFINITION | |
| POLICY FORMULATION | The stage of the policy making process during which formal proposals are developed and adopted. |
| IMPLEMENTATION | the process of putting specific policies into operation |
| POLICY EVALUATION | Analysis of a public policy so as to determine how well it is working. |
| FEEDBACK | information rec'd by policy makers about the effectiveness of public policy |
| FRAGMENTATION | In policy making, the phenomenon of attacking a single problem in different and sometimes competing ways. |
| ISSUE NETWORK | A shared knowledge group consisting of representatives of various interests involved in some particular aspect of public policy. |
| NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION | an organization formed to promote a cause in which no profit is given to those involved, but the proceeeds go toward the goal set by the non profit. |
| ECONOMIC DEPRESSION | A recession that lasts longer and does not bounce back quickly |
| INFLATION | an economic condtion characterized by price increases linked to a decrease in the value of currency. |
| BUSINESS CYCLES | normal highs and lows that wave up and down over time. |
| KEYNESIAN THEORY | An economic theory stating that the govt can stabilize the economy by smoothing business cycles by controlling the level aggregate demand by the means of fiscal and monetary policies. |
| FISCAL POLICIES | Economic policies that involve government spending and taxation |
| MONETARY POLICIES | Economic policies that involve control and changes in the supply of money. |
| DEFICIT FINANCING | The keynesian technique of spending beyond govt income to combat an economic slump. its purpose is to inject extra money in the economy to stimulate aggregate demand. |
| COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS | CEA a group that works within the executive branch to provide advice on manitaining a stable economy |
| FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM | A sustem of banks that act as central bank of the united states that controls major monetary policies. |
| FISCAL YEAR | September 30- October 1 used by the govt for accounting purposes |
| BUDGET AUTHORITY | The amounts that government agencys are allowed to spend for current |
| BUDGET OUTLAYS | The amounts that government agencies are expected to spend in a fiscal year. |
| RECEIPTS | The amount expected or obtained through taxes and other revenues |
| FEDERAL DEBT | the accumulated sum of past govt borning that remains to be paid. |
| oFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET | The budgeting arm of the executive that prepares the president budget. |
| TAX COMMITEES | the two commitees of Congress responsible for raising the revenue with which to run the govt. |
| AUTHORIZATION COMMITEES | Commitees of congress that can authroize spending in their particular areas of responsiblity. |
| APPROPRIATION COMMITEES | commitees of congress that decide which of the programs passed by the authorization commitees will actually be funded |
| BUDGET COMMITEE | one commitee in each house of congress that supervises a comprehensive budget review process |
| cONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE | CBO The budgeting arm of congress which prepares alternate budgets that differ from the president OMB |
| MANDATORY SPENDING. | In the budget enforcement act of 1990 must take care of previous expenditures |
| DISCRETIONARY SPENDING | bea-authorized expenditures from annual appropriation. |
| ENTITLEMENT | Benefit to which every eligible person has a legal right and that the govt cannot deny without changing the law. |
| PAY AS YOU GO | BEA 1990-the req that any tax cut or expansion of entitlement must be offset by a tax increase or other savings. |
| INCREMENTAL BUDGETING | a method of budget making that involves new funds onto the amount previously budgeted in last years budget. |
| EAR MARK | When a representative or senator writes legislation which includes finances for something that benefits them locally. |
| DISCRETIONARY OUTLAYS | Money that is allocated for things such as defense, etc....It is one of the the reasons that the budget is hard to balance |
| MANDATORY OUTLAYS | money that is set out and appropriated for prior commitments |
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miss rhonda
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