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Child and Adolescent
LS final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The assertion that development occurs from "womb to tomb" implies that | it is a lifelong experience. |
| Two important processes that underlie developmental changes are | maturation and learning. |
| An example of a maturational change would be | disappearance of an infant reflex at a predictable age. |
| Normative development consists of | developmental changes that are typical of many children. |
| The idea that human development is a holistic process suggests that | changes in one aspect of development have important implications for other aspects. |
| The plasticity principle states that the child | responds flexibly to changes in his or her life experiences. |
| The scientific method suggests that when data contradict one's theory, the researcher should | modify or discard the theory. |
| Reliability means that the measurement | is stable over time or across observers. |
| The advantage of structured interviews over unstructured interviews is that during a structured interview, | subjects are all treated alike and responses can be compared among them. |
| Some of the strengths of naturalistic observation include | naturalistic observation can easily be applied, naturalistic observations are particularly useful in studying pre-verbal children, and naturalistic observation illustrates how people behave in everyday life. |
| A good theory is one that builds on existing knowledge by allowing for the formation of new testable hypotheses, meaning that the theory is | heuristic. |
| Historically, the most heated theoretical controversy has been on the issue of | nature vs. nurture. |
| Behaviorist John Watson argued that traits arise from | experience alone. |
| Developmentalists disagree on the extent to which children contribute directly to their own development. This is known as the | active/passive issue. |
| Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud | could be regarded as the first child psychologist because his theory was first to assert that early childhood shapes a person's personality. |
| The Freudian personality entity that emerges as children internalize parental moral standards and values is the | superego. |
| Behaviorism and its learning viewpoint assert that | development is totally flexible and is influenced by the child's experiences. |
| "We learn by watching and copying others' actions." This could be a slogan of | Bandura's cognitive social-learning theory. |
| Piaget's process of accommodation | involves modifying a scheme in response to new experiences. |
| In Piaget's theory, this is the correct stage sequence, ordered from earliest on: | sensorimotor/preoperational/concrete operational |
| The idea that the cognitive development of children is significantly influenced by their specific cultural context was proposed by | Lev Vygotsky |
| The ways in which a person's inherited characteristics are observable or measurable is referred to as | phenotype. |
| The zygote | is the earliest developmental stage at which the young organism contains the hereditary material from both mother and father. |
| Mitosis is like | making photocopies of a written report. |
| For traits that are determined by single pairs of genes, | recessive traits occur on population phenotypes less often than those of dominant traits. |
| When a person is homozygous for an inherited trait, | the alleles inherited from mother and father are both the same. |
| Sex-linked genetic characteristics appear in phenotypes | of men more often than women. |
| The overall goal of modern genetic counseling is to | inform the couple about their risk of having a baby with a serious genetic/congenital defects. |
| The correct sequence of prenatal diagnostic tests from earliest to latest availability is | Chorionic villus sampling :: amniocentesis :: ultrasound. |
| The correct prenatal sequence of periods, from earliest to latest is | period of the zygote :: embryonic period :: fetal period. |
| Of the following, the substance that typically cannot pass through the placenta to the developing embryo is | maternal blood cells. |
| At the end of the embryonic period, | all the major structures of the human are formed. |
| The 24th week is often set as the legal upper limit for medical abortion. At this point in time, the milestone that is reached by the developing fetus is | the minimal age of viability has been reached. |
| A teratogen is a(n) | substance, disease, or environmental agent that causes developmental harm at particular times during pregnancy. |
| While pregnant, Terry was exposed briefly to a very small amount of a teratogen. The effects of exposure will be | varied, depending on the timing of the exposure. |
| Teratogens are most likely to produce major structural abnormalities during the | second to eighth weeks following conception. |
| A pregnant woman tells her neighbor, "I know about fetal alcohol syndrome, and I've reduced my drinking. I now drink moderately with friends." Her social drinking | can cause symptoms of fetal alcohol effect (FAE), despite her moderation. |
| The prenatal/perinatal health problems of teenage mothers | are usually eliminated when the mother gets good prenatal care and attention at birth. |
| Margaret's newborn baby is crying loudly in the delivery room and has turned pink all over. When a nurse extends the baby's leg, the infant pulls away. Margaret's newborn would score | 8 to 10 points on the APGAR scale. |
| Perception refers to | meaningfully interpreting sensory input. |
| In addition to their nutritional and protective functions, the young infant’s survival reflexes | promote close contact with nurturant caregivers. |
| Wanda says, "I'm worried about Huey. He had many neonatal reflexes, and months later, only half are left. Is Huey normal?" The doctor says, | "Yes, the primitive reflexes are lost during infancy." |
| Young infants generally prefer to look at | complex patterns instead of plain stimuli. |
| In newborns, the sense that is LEAST developed, and least similar to adult senses, is | vision. |
| When a young infant is held over the deep side of the visual cliff, its heart pulse rate slows. This response indicates that the young baby | perceives the height but does not fear it. |
| Learning is customarily defined as | a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. |
| The most rapid gains in body height occur during | infancy. |
| The cephalocaudal trend of development means that first | the head develops, followed by the body and legs. |
| With regard to gender differences in skeletal development, | girls mature faster than boys. |
| During adolescence, boys experience | increases in muscle mass and physical strength more dramatically than girls. |
| When neurons communicate messages to each other, the communication happens at a tiny junction called the | synapse. |
| The plasticity principle of early neural development implies that cells of the brain | can retrain themselves following brain injury. |
| Infant motor skills arranged from earliest to latest in the universal developmental sequence: | rolls over :: crawls :: stands alone :: walks up steps |
| One twin practices an early skill and the other does not. Two years later, both do equally well at it. | This supports the maturational viewpoint on skills. |
| The average occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt | happens earlier for girls than for boys. |
| The secular trend of sexual maturation is an outcome of | improved medical care and better nutrition during recent decades. |
| Early maturation is often initially a social | advantage for boys and a social disadvantage for girls. |
| Robinson was always well fed. At age three, he and his family were shipwrecked, and for weeks, he suffered malnutrition. After being rescued, Robinson probably | had "catch-up" growth and then developed normally. |
| Although experts vary in how they define intelligence, there is some agreement that it includes abilities to | think abstractly and solve problems. |
| The goal of Alfred Binet's first intelligence test was to identify | mentally retarded children who needed special teaching. |
| Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences identifies | 7 to 9 types of intelligence. |
| Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence includes the following four types of intelligence: | musical, spatial, linguistic, and intrapersonal. |
| Wechsler's IQ tests were better than the Stanford-Binet because the Wechsler scales | assessed both nonverbal and verbal scales. |
| Feelings such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride, or envy are known as | self-conscious emotions. |
| Lewis claimed that the child does not feel embarrassment until after he or she is capable of | self-recognition in photos or mirrors. |
| The ways that parents react to their children's transgressions can influence whether they will feel | guilt or shame. |
| A mother tells her toddler that it's okay to scream and shout at a sporting event but not in church. These are | display rules. |
| Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to | use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation. |
| Rhythmicity, fearful distress, andactivity level are among the six | attributes of infant temperament. |
| The goodness-of-fit principle states that parents should | optimize parenting style for the child's temperament. |
| Emotional attachments between parent and child | slowly rise from social interactions in the first months. |
| Synchronized interactions between infants and their parents are important contributors to emotional attachment because | they provide an opportunity for the infant to learn what his parent is like and how to attract his or her attention. |
| Lorenz's ethological "Kewpie doll" effect states that the infant's | cute babyish facial features strengthen parental bonding. |
| The fact that newborns can imitate facial expressions seen in others suggests that they are capable of | using internal proprioceptive sensory feedback. |
| The ability to notice oneself in a mirror or photograph is called | self-recognition. |
| Gordon Gallup showed that apes respond to the "rouge test" just like older infants do, but monkeys do not. This result implies that | apes have a sense of self-recognition. |
| A social experience that is known to contribute positively to the child's sense of self-awareness is | secure attachment to a caregiver. |
| Low self-esteem is most strongly associated with | failure to gain the approval of friends in girls and lack of romantic competence in boys. |
| In the TV cartoon series, The Simpsons, Bart's sister Lisa works hard to excel in her school work. Lisa exemplifies a child with | high achievement motivation. |
| Parents of children who have a high need to achieve | set high standards and praise successes. |
| Lawrence Steinberg evaluated the impact of peer influences on academic achievement motivation. He found that | African American and Latino peer groups in low-income areas tend to discourage academic achievement. |
| The child's use of "behavioral comparisons" to make judgments about people peaks at the age of about | eight to nine years. |
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vpowell
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