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A/P Review 2 Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The heart is enclosed in a double layered membrane called the... | PERICARDIUM |
| The outer protective layer of the heart is called the... | EPICARDIUM |
| The actual cardiac muscle responsible for the muscular pumping action of the heart is called the... | MYOCARDIUM |
| The ________ divides the heart into right and left halves. | SEPTUM |
| The right and left ________ receive blood into the heart from veins. | ATRIUM |
| The ________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. | TRICUSPID |
| The ________ valve permits blood to be pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta but not the reverse. | AORTIC SEMILUNAR |
| The ________ are thick-walled muscular and elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart. | ARTERIES |
| In the process of _______, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | DIFFUSION |
| ___________ is the blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back again to the heart. | PULMONARY CIRCULATION |
| ___________ is a disorder of the blood vessels that is characterized by an accumulation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the arteries. | ATHEROSCLEROSIS |
| A(n) _________ is caused by a disturbance in cerebral circulation. Symptoms include weakness, dizziness, confusion, blurred or double vision and paralysis. | CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT |
| Circulatory massage is _________ for people with advanced or diagnosed atherosclerosis. | CONTRAINDICATED |
| _______ are characterized by protruding, bulbous, distended superficial veins particularly in the lower legs. | VARICOSE VEINS |
| An average size adult male (160 lbs) has approximately ________ pints of blood. | 11 |
| The solid components of blood include all of the following elements EXCEPT __________. | PLASMA |
| ______ are double concave disk-shaped cells that function to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. | ERYTHROCYTES |
| White blood cells are produced in all of the following sites EXCEPT the _______. | LIVER |
| _______ is the fluid component of blood. | PLASMA |
| _______ refers to a number of conditions where there is a rapid loss of or inadequate production of red blood cells. | ANEMIA |
| _______ is an inherited condition where the hemoglobin molecule changes the shape of the red blood cells to a rodlike shape after delivering its oxygen to the cells. These cells are prone to getting stuck in small capillaries and causing clots to form. | SICKLE CELL ANEMIA |
| _______ is a form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled production of white blood cells, which do not fully mature. | LEUKEMIA |
| Lymph capillaries are located throughout the body with the exception of the epidermis of the skin, the central nervous system, the _____ and the endomysium of most muscles. | BONES |
| _______ are lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines. | LACTEALS |
| Lymph from the legs, abdomen, left arm, left side of the head, neck and chest flows into the ______. | THORACIC DUCT |
| ___-cells work chiefly by producing antibodies. | B |
| ___-cells coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms in cells on contact. | T |
| Certain white blood cells associates with the immune system neutralize antibody-antigen complexes and organisms by the process called _______. | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| _______ is a present from before birth, consisting of many nonspecific factors and blood-based immunity from the mother. | INNATE IMMUNITY |
| _______ cause the body to make antibodies and T-cells directed against its own cells. Associated with chronic muscle weakness, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. | AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES |
| The _______ of a nerve cell connects with other neurons to receive information from the body. | DENDRITE |
| Nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another at a junction called a(n) ______. | SYNAPSE |
| Functionally, there are three types of neurons that include all of the following ______, _____, ______. | INTERNEURONS, SENSORY NEURONS, MOTOR NEURONS |
| _______ are located in the brain and spinal cord and carry impulses from one neuron to another. | INTERNEURONS |
| The axon of most nerves is covered by a(n) _______, which insulates the nerve and aids in the conduction of the nerve impulse. | MYELIN SHEATH |
| _______ is a clear fluid derived from the blood and secreted into the inner cavities of ventricles of the brain. | CSF |
| The ________ is the largest portion of the brain making up the front and top. It controls activities such as speech, sensation, communication, memory and all emotions. | CEREBRUM |
| The _____ includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal and pituitary glands and is located in the center of the brain. | DIENCEPHALON |
| The spinal cord consists of ___ segments, each segment being the site of attachment of a pair of spinal nerves. | 31 |
| The peripheral nervous system divides into the autonomic nervous system and the _____ nervous system. | SOMATIC |
| The _________ nervous system connects the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, blood vessels, glands and intestines. | AUTONOMIC |
| There are 12 pairs of ______ nerves. | CRANIAL |
| There are 31 pairs of ______ nerves. | SPINAL |
| The _______ nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the body. | SCIATIC |
| The sympathetic nervous system functions primarily in ________. | PREPARING THE BODY TO EXPEND ENERGY IN STRESSFUL OR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS |
| _____ are located in the skin and in the mouth to detect heat or cold. | THERMORECEPTORS |
| The effects of the _______ nervous system are to reduce heart rate, respiration and blood pressure and to increase digestion and elimination after a stressful event. | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| The ________ nerve functions in the sense of smell. | OLFACTORY |
| The _______ nerve functions in the detection of sensation and motion in the upper extremities. | CERVICAL |
| ______ are specialized nerve endings located int the muscle, tendons, joints or fascia. They respond to the unconscious inner sense of position and movement of the body. | PROPRIOCEPTORS |
| _____ glands posses tubes or ducts leading from the gland to a particular part of the body. | ENDOCRINE |
| The chemical substances manufactured by the endocrine glands are known as ________. | HORMONES |
| _______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones. | ACTH |
| ______ causes contraction of the muscle of a pregnant uterus; it also causes ejection of milk from the mammary glands. | OXYTOCIN |
| _______ aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; it is active during stress. | CORTISOL |
| The ______ gland(s) stimulates growth an development of sexual organs plus development of secondary sexual characteristics. | TESTES |
| The pituitary gland produces all of the following hormone EXCEPT ________. | PROGESTERONE |
| ________ is congenital hypothyroidism due to an error in fetal development in which the thyroid fails to develop or is underactive. | CRETINISM |
| The islets of Langerhans are a small group of cells scattered throughout the ________. | PANCREAS |
| ________ is a condition caused by decreased output of insulin. | DIABETES MELLITUS |
| ________ respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the blood and takes place in the lungs. | EXTERNAL |
| The following occur as air passes through the nasal cavity ________, _______ and ________. | WARMED, MOISTENED, FILTERED |
| Air move through the bronchioles until it reaches the ends of the air passages that terminate in a cluster of air sacs called ______. | ALVEOLI |
| A healthy respiratory system is maintained by avoiding _______, _________ and _________. | SMOKING, TOXIC CHEMICALS, AIR POLLUTION |
| The normal rate of breathing for a healthy adult is _____ times per minute. | 14 TO 20 |
| _________ is also known as an URTI. | COMMON COLD |
| Symptoms of _________ include coughing, chills, high fever and achiness to chest pains, cyanosis, thickened yellow/green phlegm and blood-streaked phlegm. | PNEUMONIA |
| The following conditions are caused by viral infections ________, ________ and ________. | COMMON COLD, TUBERCULOSIS, INFLUENZA |
| The symptoms of _________ include night sweats, fatigue and a cough that will start dry and then begin to be productive of bloody or pus-filled phlegm. | TUBERCULOSIS |
| ________ may occur as a reaction to allergies, nasal obstructions or infection. | SINUSITIS |
| In the mouth, food is _____ by the teeth. | MASTICATED |
| Secretions by the ______ glands contain enzymes that begin to digest carbohydrates. | SALIVARY |
| The action of the teeth, tongue and saliva prepared the food into a soft ball called ______. | BOLUS |
| The _______ is one of the four distinct layers of the alimentary canal, which consists of connective tissue, nerves and blood and lymph vessels that serve to nourish the surrounding tissues. | SUBMUCOSA |
| When food passes from the throat to the esophagus, the smooth muscles of the alimentary canal are stimulated and produce a wavelike motion called _______. | PERISTALSIS |
| The salivary glands secrete what kind of enzymes? | AMYLASE |
| The small intestine includes all of the following sections... | DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM |
| The functions of the colon include storing, forming and excreting wast products of digestion and what __________________. | REGULATING THE BODY'S WATER BALANCE |
| The large intestine travels downward on the left side of then abdomen to become the ______ colon. | DESCENDING |
| All of the following are enzymes from the pancreas _________, __________ and __________. | AMYLASE, TRYPSIN, LIPASE |
| The __________ excrete(s) uric acid, urea, electrolytes, water and waste. | KIDNEYS |
| The __________ eliminate(s) water and heat through the process of perspiration. | SKIN |
| The urinary system includes __________________. | TWO KIDNEYS, TWO URETERS, ONE BLADDER AND ONE URETHRA |
| Each day the nephrons filter ___ gallons of plasma from the blood. | 40 TO 50 |
| When the bladder accumulates approximately a ____ of urine, the sensors indicate that it is time to urinate. | PINT |
| The ________ is the largest gland in the body. | LIVER |
| _______ is a bitter, alkaline, yellowish-brown fluid secreted from the liver to the duodenum. It aids in the emulsification, digestion and absorptions of fats. | BILE |
| The _______ is a hollow organ constructed of walls of elastic fibers and involuntary muscles that acts as a reservoir for the urine. | BLADDER |
| ________ is the chemical examination of urine. | URINALYSIS |
| Normal healthy urine is __________ in color. | CLEAR YELLOW |
| ________ is the term used to describe a reproductive cell that can unite with another reproductive cell to from a new individual. | GAMETE |
| A(n) ________ is the term used for fertilized ovum. | ZYGOTE |
| What is this statement describing? Includes two testes, two vas deferens, two seminal vesicles, one prostate gland, bulbourethral and the penis. | MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
| The main hormone produced by the male is ________. | TESTOSTERONE |
| _______ are two convoluted, glandular tubes located on each side of the prostrate that produce a nutritious fluid that is excreted into the ejaculatory ducts at the time of emission. | SEMINAL VESICLES |
| The ________ are two pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland. | COWPER'S GLANDS |
| ________ is the discharge of a mature ovum from the follicle of the ovary. | OVULATION |
| The ______ are the egg-carrying tubes of the female reproductive system. | FALLOPIAN TUBES |
| The _______ is a muscular tube or canal leading from the vulva opening to the cervix and is the lower part of the birth canal. | VAGINA |
| The _________ is a pear-shaped, muscular organ consisting of an upper portion, the body and the neck. | UTERUS |
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