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Mod 23

Thinking

QuestionAnswer
cognition the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
concept a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
prototype a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
cognitive psychologists study acitivities, such as crating concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements.
algorithm ; eg, recipe for cookies, step-by-step description for evacuating a building during a fire. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.
heuristic; eg, running for an exit if you smell heavy smoke. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems effeciently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
insight; eg, an Aha! reaction a sudden and often novel realization of th solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
confirmation bias a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
fixation the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
functional fixedness the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
representativeness heuristic judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular protoypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information.
availability heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
overconfidence the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements.
framing the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
belief perseverance clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed
how do we divide the clusters of categories of objects, events, ideas, or people? based on their similarities
heirarchies are subdivided into categories then into smaller more detailed units.
concepts can be formed by definiton; eg. three-sided objects- triangles
Despite our capacity for error and susceptibilty to bias, how is human intuiton effecient and adaptive? when we gain expertise in a field and grow adept at making quick, shrewd judgements.
Created by: Msmlb_93
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