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IMI Phys. Ch. 4
Nervous System Basics & the CNS - Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | A progressive disease that begins in the central nervous system & involves the degeneration of motor neurons & the subsequent atrophy of voluntary muscle. (a.k.a. Lou Gehrig's disease) |
| Ascending tracts | Tracts that carry sensory information to the brain. |
| Axon | A single elongated projection from a nerve cell body that transmits impulses away from a cell body. |
| Brain | The largest and most complex unit of the nervous system; the brain is responsible for perception, sensation, emotion, intellect, & action. |
| Brainstem | The primitive portion of the brain that contains centers for vital functions and reflex actions, such as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, posture, and basic movement patterns. |
| Central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord and their coverings. |
| Cerebellum | The second largest part of the brain; the cerebellum is involved with balance, posture, coordination, and movement. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | A clear, colorless fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord, cushioning and protecting these structures and maintaining proper pH balance. |
| Cerebrum | The largest of the brain divisions; the cerebrum consists of 2 hemispheres that occupy the uppermost region of the cranium. The cerebrum receives, interprets, & associates incoming information w/ past memories & transmits the appropriate motor response. |
| Dendrites | Branching projections from the nerve cell body that carry signals to the cell body. |
| Descending tracts | Tracts that carry motor information from the brain to the spinal cord. |
| Dorsal root | One of two roots that attach a spinal nerve to the spinal cord. |
| Epilepticus | A continuous seizure. |
| Essential tremor | A chronic tremor that does not proceed from any other pathologic condition. |
| Gray matter | Unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the central nervous system. |
| Monoplegia | Paralysis of a single limb or a single group of muscles. |
| Myelin | A white, fatty, insulating substance formed by the Schwann cells that surrounds some axons. Also produced in the central nervous system by oligodendrocytes. |
| Neurilemma | The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell that is essential in the regeneration of injured axons. The thin membrane spirally wraps the myelin layers of certain fibers, especially of peripheral nerves, or the axons of certain unmyelinated nerve fibers. |
| Neuroglia | Specialized connective tissue cells that support, protect and hold together neurons. |
| Neurons | Nerve cells that conduct impulses. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical compounds that generate action potentials when released into the synapses from presynaptic cells. |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and of both legs. |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis or loss of movement of all four limbs. |
| Schwann cell | A specialized cell that forms myelin. |
| Spinal cord | The portion of the central nervous system that exits the skull & extends into the vertebral column. The two major functions of the spinal cord are to conduct nerve impulses and to be a center for spinal reflexes. |
| Synapse | A space between neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ. |
| Tracts | Collections of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord that have a common function. |
| Ventral root | One of two roots that attach a spinal nerve to the spinal cord. |
| White matter | Myelinated nerve fibers, particularly those found in brain and spinal tissue. |
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