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Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the Gi tract | Motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption |
| What is motility | Movement- starts w/ swallowing |
| What is secretion | stats in the mouth w/ saliva (goes through GI) pH in stomach is <1.0 breaks down food. Chime in the stomah when dumped to deuodum neutralizes |
| Parasympathetic nervous system is controlled by what nerve | vagus nerve |
| What triggers peristalsis | foot streching stomach, increase in pH (when food enters stomach HCL acid is secreted, pleasant smell and hunger |
| Sympathetic Nervous System when is it triggered? | conversely inhibits gastrointestinal activity, causes vasoconstriction, and reduces regeneration of epithelial cells |
| What symptoms occur when PNS is inhibited by SNS | anorexia, nausea, vomiting |
| Nausea vomiting are initiated by what? | medulla oblongata |
| what is triggered with N/V | SNS |
| what causes N/V | SNS being triggered, medications, noxious, IICP (increased intercranial pressure) |
| Hematemesis | coffee ground vomit - partially digested food mixed with old blood |
| what does it usually mean if stool is a deeper brown color | obstruction from lower intestine |
| With dehydration what is the outcome | metabolic acidosis |
| recurrent projectile vomiting may be what? | pyloric stenosos (seen in newborns) |
| short tansit time, excess fluid volume flooding intestine, lactose intolerence, leads to hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis | large volume osmotic diarrhea |
| bowel disease, may contain blood, pus, or mucous associated with chrones disease | small volume diarrhea |
| fatty diarrhea, greasy, loose, and fould odor. MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES | Steatorrhea diarrhea |
| small hidden amounts of blood blind to the naked eye | occult |
| dark colored tarry stools associated with GI | Melena |
| passing frank red blood | Hematochezia |
| what can constipation lead to? | impaction |
| what are these signs a cause of? ^ age, inadequate fiber, inadequate fluid intake, ignore urge, muscle weakness and activity,Neuro disorders, drugs, obstruction | constipation |
| Cleft lip or palate | neural tube disorder |
| thrush (overgrowth of yeast) | Aphthous ulcers |
| HSV-1 transmittied through kissing or close contact- reactivates with stress | Herpes |
| precancerous lesions (looks like thrush but in areas where things stimulate frequently) ie: chewing tobacco | Leukoplakia |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| failure in esophageal sphincter to relax | Achalasia |
| blind pouch | congenital atresia |
| stenosis or stricture | Fibrosis |
| undigested food in puch obstructs esophagus | diverticulum |
| squamous cell carcinoma | esophageal CA |
| where is esophageal CA most commonly found? | distal esophagus |
| Chronic irritation (esophagitis, Achlasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse, smoking) causes of | chronic irritation |
| what are the two types of hiatal hernias | sliding, paraesophageal |
| slides up and back down with position change. esp when lying down. Part of the stromach slies up and then down | sliding hernia |
| part of the fundus of stomach moves above diaphragm (leads to mechanical constriction of blood vessels in stomach) sac forms above but never slides back down. Infection can form and sacs get full/ tight causing possible death to tha area of the stomach | paraesophageal hernia |
| stomach contents chronically regurgitate into esophagus | GERD (gastroesophageal Reflux disease) |
| weak esophageal spincter, obesity, hiatal hernia | GERD |
| burning sharp pain in stomach leading to ulcers | acute gastritis |
| infection, allergies to food or drugs, ingesting irritants frequently, excessive alcohol intake, ingestion of asprin, radiation, usually self limiting | acute gastritis |
| characterized by atrophy of mucosa of stomach and loss of secretory glands | chronic gastritis |
| Helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) | chronic gastritis |
| bacteria that many times leads to ulcers | H. pylori |
| ulcer found in proximal duodenum | Duodenal ulcers |
| 75% of what ulcers are located where | duodenal area |
| found in stomach and lower esophageal | duodenal ulcers |
| usually small cavity develops in mucosa that continues to erode into further layers below mucosa | peptic ulcers |
| what ulcer may perforate stomach or intestinal wall and spill gastric contents into peritoneal cavity | peptic ulcers |
| H. pylori is the most common cause | peptic ulcers |
| inadequate blood supply, ulcergenic substances, atrophy of gastric mucosa, inc # of acid pepsin secretory cells in the stomac | peptic ulcers |
| peptic ulcers cause | gastric CA |
| epigastric aching, burning pain 2-3 hrs after meals or at lnight relieved by ingestion of foods or anacids, heartburn, Nausea, and intake spicy foods | Peptic ulcer syndrom |
| Sever trauma, burns, headaches, hemorrhage, and sepsis cause | stress ulces |
| Bruns cause | Curling's ulcers |
| injury of head | Cushing's ulcers |
| medications given with stress ulcers to prevent | hemorrhage |
| control of gastric empting is lost (many times seen after gastric resection or partial gastrectomy | dumping syndrome |
| what is lost with dumping sydnrome | appropriate dilution of chyme |
| dizziness and weakness, weak pulse, hypoglycemia (distension of hypter-activates PNS increasing perstalsis and gastric dumping) | dumping syndrome |
| formation of gallstones (calculi-bad fats LDL) that form in bile in the gallbladder | cholelithiasis |
| stones obstruct duct and leads to inflammation of gallbladder and bile duct | cholecystitis |
| Sever RUQ cholicy discomfort (biliarycolic) that leads to waves of deferred pain, epigastric pain, N/V, eventually jaundice, fever, leukocytosis | gallbladder attack |
| inflammation of liver | hepatitis |
| idopathic (fatty liver-obesity), viral hepatitis, mono, chemica/drug toxicity, chronic inflammation that begins to cause irreparable liver cell damage (cirrosis) | Hepatitis |
| Virus that attacks the liver | viral hepatitis |
| hep A & E, self limiting, oral/ fecal route of transmission | actue hepatitis |
| Hep B, C, and D, blood/body fluids, life-long liver damage | Chronic forms |
| liver disease | alcholic |
| cirrhosis (stoes or cystic fibrosis) gull stones back up causing cystic fibrosis | biliary |
| cirrhosis(chronic hepatitis or long term exposure to toxic material) | post necrotic |
| storage disorder such as nemochromatosis | metabolic |
| dec removal of bli, dec production of bile, impaired digestion and absorption, dec production of blood clotting factors, impaired glucose metabolism, dec removal of toxic substances, dec inactivation of hormones | cirrhosis |
| r/t obstruction of bile ducts and blood flow by fibrous tissue | cirrhosis |
| blockage of blood flow through liver and leads to increased pressure in portal veins- veins that go straight to the liver | portal HTN |
| congestion in the spleen due to increaseing hemolysis | splenomegaly |
| varicose veins appearnace along esophagus | esophageal varices |
| causes ^ in hydrostatic pressure causing fluid build up in peritoneal cavity | ascites |
| back up of bile in liver | jaundice |
| phase that a person with hepatitis deveolops jaundice | icteric phase |
| GI cancer generally causes problems with dysphagia | esophageal CA |
| fatigue, ^ bili, anorexia, increased ATL | hepatitis |
| epigastric pain, during night, improves when eating or anti-acid | duodenal ulcer |
| bleeding in liver failure is from | esophageal varices |
| loud gurglinlg abdominal sounds | borbarygmi |
| fullness, anorexia, epigastric pain | chronic gastritis |
| iching (common with biliary cirrhosis) | pruritis |
| decr. bulk in diet->decr diameter of color->incr. pressure-> diverticula | divertiuclosis (pocket formation) |
| colicky pain, upper rt. quadrant | cholelithiasis |
| McBurney's point | appendicitis |
| pt has been vomiting for the bast 4 hours acid balance is | metabolic alkalosis |
| pt has been vomiting for the past 24+ hours and is dehydrated | metabolic acidosis |
| bowel disease involves ulceration of the sigmoid and rectum | ulcerative colitis |
| portal HTN causes | splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen) |
| failure to relax (IE dysphagia) | achalasia |
| autodigestion | acute pancreatitis |
| digestion of tissue by their own secretions | acute pancreatitis |
| granulomas developing in areas of the small and larege intestine | Crohn's disease |
| inflmammatory bowel disease marked by patchy areas of full-thickness inflammation anywhere in the GI tract from mouth to anus | Crohn's disease |
| S&S of Crohns disease is | diarrhea |
| stricture of the larege intestine | mechanical bowel obstruction |
| fatigue, anorexia, wt loss, anemia, diarrhea, dull aching in RUQ, ascites, esophageal varices, edema, ^ bruising, jaundice, encephalopathy | cirrhosis |
| inflammation of the pancreas resulting in autodigestion of tissue | pancreatitis |
| premature activation of proenzymes in pancrease, activation of proenzyme trypsinogen to trypsin, trypsin converts other proenzymes and chemicals to activae amylase and ipase, enzymes digest pancreatic tissue, leads to massive inflammation, bleeding, nec | Acute pancreatitis |
| severe epigastric or abd pain, shock, low grade fever (from inflammation), ascites, leukocytosis | gallstones and excessive alc. intake |
| low b/p, pallor, sweating | signs of shock |
| malabsorption syndrome that prevents breakdown of gluten-leads to malnutrition and intestinal inflammation | celiac disease |
| Genetic link, steatorrha, muscle wasting, failure to thrive, must be on gluten free diet, ^ risk for intestinal CA | Celiac Disease |
| Chronic inflammatory bowel disease- most frequently in small intestine | Crohn's Disease |
| occurs in mucosal layer, develops shallow ulcerations, leads to thickened walls (OBSTRUCTION), destructive masses from granulomas in the intestin wealls and regional lymph nodes, decr. ability of Small Int. to metabolize and absorb nutritients, ^motility | Crohn's Disease |
| Symptoms: Diarrhea, cramping, melena, pain RLQ, anorexia, Wt. loss, fatigue | Crohn's disease |
| caused by continuous stress | ulcerative colitis |
| inflammation begins in rectum and prgresses through the colon | ulcerative colitis |
| mucosa and submucosa inflammed, tissue becomes fragile, vascular, bleeds easily, tissue destruction, inflammation impaires peristolsis, ^risk for colon CA | Ulcerative colitis |
| Sever abd cramping, tenesums, bleeding with diarrhea, medical emergncy, toxic megacolon | ulcerative colitis syndrome |
| tenesums | rectal spasms |
| sigmoid colon and end of descending colon | diverticular disease |
| herniation or outpouching of the mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall, frequently the sigmoid colon | diverticulum |
| asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually multiple diverticula are present | diverticulosis |
| refers to inflammation of the diverticula | diverticulitis |
| low residue diets, irregular bowel habits, aging | diverticulum |
| intestinal obstruction, perforation w/ peritonitis, abscess formation | complications of diverticulum |
| mild lower abd pain, diarrhea/ constipation, flatulence, LLQ pain, fever, N/V, leukocytosis | Symptoms of diverticulum |
| abd surgery, spinal cord injuries, inflammation w/ sever ischemia (decr in blood flow), infection of abd cavity | functional obstruction |
| adhesions, hernias, strictures, masses, intussusception, volvulus, hirshsprung's disease | mechanical obstruction |
| don't have intervation you need for perstalisis needed in colon | Hirschsprung's disease (diverticuli) |
| intussusception | bowel telescopes into itself(diverticuli) |
| strictures | adhesions |
| pain develops as peristalsis increases | colicky abd (diverticuli) |
| heard from the obs in attempt to propel interstinal contents forward | intestinal rushes (diverticuli) |
| dyspnea | clinical manifestation seen with ascities |
| most common complication with gastric uler | bleeding |
| malabsorption syndrome's most common symptom | diarrhea |
| paresophageal | part of the fundus of stomach moves above the diaphragm leading to mechanical constriction of blood vessels in the stomach |
| sliding | slides up and then back down with position changes (esp. lying down) |
Created by:
Ramartin07
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