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Psychology 101 Ch 13
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Therapy? | Therapy for psychological disorders takes a variety of forms, but all involve some relationship focused on improving a person’s mental, behavioral, or social functioning |
| Counseling psychologist | Problems of normal living Schools, clinics, other institutions Master’s in counseling, PhD, EdD, or PsyD |
| Clinical psychologist | Those with severe disorders Private practice, mental health agencies, hospitals PhD or PsyD |
| Psychiatrist | Severe mental disorders (often by means of drug therapies) Private practice, clinics, hospitals MD |
| Psychoanalyst | Freudian therapy Private practice MD |
| Psychiatric nurse practitioner | Nursing specialty; licensed to prescribe drugs Private practice, clinics, hospitals RN – plus special training in treating mental disorders and prescribing drugs |
| Clinical social worker | Social worker with specialty in dealing with mental disorders Often employed by government MSW |
| Pastoral counselor | Combines spiritual guidance with practical counseling Religious order or ministry credentials vary |
| Therapy in Historical Context | Medieval Europe-mental disorder the work of devils and demons Exorcism needed to “beat the devil” out More recently-mentally ill placed in institutions called asylums |
| Modern Approaches to Therapy | Modern approaches-abandoned demon model and abusive treatments Therapies based on psychological and biological theories of mind and behavior |
| Psychological therapies | often called psychotherapy |
| Biological therapies | focus on the underlying biology of the brain |
| How Do Psychologists Treat Mental Disorders? | Psychologists employ two main forms of treatment: the insight therapies and the behavioral therapies |
| Insight Therapies | Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients change people on the inside—changing the way they think and feel Aim at revealing and changing a patient’s disturbed mental processes through discussion and interpretation. |
| Freudian Psychoanalysis | Insight therapies based on the assumption that psychological problems arise from tension created in the unconscious mind by forbidden impulses Major goal: To reveal and interpret the unconscious mind’s contents |
| Psychoanalysis | insight & psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud Access to unconscious material through free association Help the patient understand the unconscious causes for symptoms |
| Psychoanalysis cont. | Ego blocks unconscious problems from consciousness through defense mechanisms e.g., Transference; Repression |
| Analysis of transference | Analyzing and interpreting the patient’s relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past |
| Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies | Therapies developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud’s ideas, but disagreed with others Treat patients face-to-face See patients once a week Shift to conscious motivations |
| Humanistic therapies | Based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment |
| Client-centered therapy | Emphasizes healthy psychological growth through self-actualization |
| Reflection of feeling | Paraphrasing client’s words to capture the emotional tone expressed |
| Cognitive therapy | Emphasizes rational thinking as the key to treating mental disorder Helps patients confront the destructive thoughts |
| Group therapy | Psychotherapy with more than one client |
| Self-help support groups | Groups that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems; typically organized/run by laypersons (not professional therapists |
| Behavior therapy – | Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning |
| Systematic desensitization | Technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus |
| Exposure therapy | Desensitization therapy in which patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining it) |
| Aversion therapy | Involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction |
| Contingency management | Approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences of behaviors Effective in numerous settings e.g., families, schools, work, prisons |
| Token economies | Applied to groups (e.g. classrooms, mental hospital wards) Involves distribution of “tokens” contingent on desired behaviors Tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or other reinforcers |
| Participant modeling | Therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior Draws on concepts from both operant and classical conditioning |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Combines cognitive emphasis on thoughts with behavioral strategies that alter reinforcement contingencies Assumes irrational self-statements cause maladaptive behavior Seeks to help the the client develop a sense of self-efficacy |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)- | Based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders Attempts to eliminate the self-defeating thoughts |
| Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)- | Positive emphasis on growth emphasis on research |
| Eysenck | proposed that people with nonpsychotic problems recover just as well with or without therapy |
| Research after eyesencks proposition | Eysenck overestimated the improvement rate in the group without therapy That therapy is better than no therapy It appears advantageous to match specific therapies with specific conditions |
| How Is the Biomedical Approach Used to Treat Psychological Disorders? | Biomedical therapies seek to treat psychological disorders by changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs, its circuitry with surgery, or its patterns of activity with pulses of electricity or powerful magnetic fields |
| Antipsychotic drugs | E.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and clozapine Usually affect dopamine pathways May have side effects Tardive dyskinesia – Incurable disorder of motor control resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs |
| Antidepressant Drugs | Three major categories Tricyclic compounds (Tofranil, Elavil) SSRIs (Prozac) Monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, and lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar disorder) |
| Mood Stabilizers | Lithium, Depakote - effective for bipolar disorders |
| Antianxiety drugs | Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines May include some antidepressant drugs which work on certain anxiety disorders |
| Antiaxiety drugs cont. | Should not be used to relieve ordinary anxieties of everyday life Should not be taken for more than a few days at a time Should not be combined with alcohol |
| Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) | Produces excitement or hyperactivity Suppresses activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Controversy exists for use of these stimulants for children |
| Psychosurgery | The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders The infamous prefrontal lobotomy is no longer performed Severing the corpus callosum, however, can reduce life-threatening seizures |
| Brain-Stimulation Therapies | Used to treat severe depression |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Apply an electric current to temples briefly Patient is put to “sleep” Memory deficits |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | High powered magnetic stimulation to the brain Also effective for bipolar disorder |
| Deep brain stimulation | Surgical implants of a micro electrode directly in the brain Still highly experimental |
| Therapeutic community | Designed to bring meaning to patients’ lives Hospital setting to help patients cope with the world outside Higher costs |
| Deinstitutionalization | Removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals |
| Community mental health movement | Effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics |
| How do the Psychological Therapies and Biomedical Therapies Compare? | While a combination of psychological and medical therapies is better than either alone for treating some (but not all) mental disorders, most people who suffer from unspecified “problems in living” are best served by psychological treatment alone |
| Depression Psychological vs. Medical Treatment | Equally effective ways to treat depression in the short run Cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective in the long run A combination of both is most effective |
| Anxiety Disorders Psychological vs. Medical Treatment | Both can be effective Most effective is a combination of both |
| Empirically Supported Therapy (EST) | Therapies validated by research evidence showing that they actually work Raises interesting questions about whether counselors/therapists should be limited to these therapies |
| Lists of insight theraphies | psychodynamic, cognitive & humanistic therapies |
| list of psychodynamic thearpies | freudian analysits, neofrodian therapies |
| list of behavioral therapies | therapies based on obverable learning, classical & operant conditioning |
Created by:
andreag718
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