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Nat. Review chpt. 11
Cardiovascular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of blood | Transport, regulation, protection |
| Transports | Gases, nutrients to the tissues, waste products from the tissues and hormones |
| Regulates | pH of body, amount of fluid in tissues, and body temperature |
| Protects | Against pathogens and blood loss |
| Blood plasma | Liquid portion of unclotted blood |
| Plasma proteins | Proteins found in plasma including albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens |
| Albumins | Help regulate blood pressure |
| Globulins | Help with transport and immunity |
| Fibrinogens | Assist in blood clotting |
| Blood serum | Liquid portion of clotted blood, Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed so blood clotting is minimized |
| Formed elements | Blood cells and platelets |
| Blood is ___% plasma | 55 |
| Blood is ___% leukocytes and thrombocytes | <1 |
| Blood is ___% erythrocytes | 45 |
| Plasma is ____% water | 90 |
| Plasma is ___% proteins | 8 |
| Plasma is ___% acids and salts | 2 |
| Red blood cells | Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nuclei, constitute about 45% of whole blood, depending on gender, have a life span of about 120 days |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen carrying molecule made from iron, found in erythrocytes |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells |
| White blood cells | Cells responsible for the body's defenses |
| Throbocytes | Platelets |
| Platelets | Cell fragments without nuclei that assist in clotting, have a life span of about 9 days |
| Hemostasis | Process of blood clotting starting with muscle contraction in response to injury, proceeds to platelet plug formation and ends with blood clot formation |
| Contraction | Smooth muscle of the blood vessel constricts when damaged or cut |
| Platelet plug | Platelets in the region of damage become sticky and bind together with other platelets, blood cells, and the walls of the vessel |
| Blood clot | Prothrombin is converted into thrombin, fibronigen into fibrin and fibrin threads form the clot |
| Thrombin | Enzyme that causes blood to clot by catalysing the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin |
| Prothrombin | Plasma protein, one of the coagulation factors and the precursor of thrombin, prothrombin is synthesized in the liver with the help of vitamin K |
| Fibrinogen | Substance present in blood plasma that causes blood coagulation |
| Fibrin | White, insoluble protein formed by the chemical fibrinogen to form blood clots |
| Antigen | Protein bound to surface of a cell, gives the cell identity |
| Antibody | Component of immune system that attaches to a specific antigen, binds cells with other similar cells which prepares cells for phagocytosis, the body produces antibodies only for foreign antigens |
| Immunoglobulin | Antibody |
| Opsonization | Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis |
| Blood transfusion | Infusion of red blood cells into a living body, requires blood typing to match recipient with appropriate donor |
| Endocardium | Inner layer of the heart, composed of epithelial and connective tissues |
| Myocardium | Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts regularly |
| Epicardium | Outer covering or membrane of the heart, composed mostly of connective tissue |
| Pericardium | Loose-fitting sac around the heart, composed of serous membranes |
| Right atrium | Upper right chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body |
| Right ventricle | Lower right chamber, pumps blood to the lungs |
| Left atrium | Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs |
| Left ventricle | Lower left chamber, pumps blood to the body |
| Hematocrit | Red blood cell count |
| Diapedesis | Ability to squeeze through tiny pores in capillary walls and escape into tissues |
| Macrophage | White blood cell, large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions |
| Clotting factors | Any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation |
| Hemophilia | Inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting |
| Universal donor | Blood type O negative |
| Universal recipient | Blood type AB postitive |
| A positive blood | Antigens A, Rh; antibodies B |
| B positive blood | Antigens B, Rh; antibodies A |
| AB positive blood | Antigens A, B, Rh; antibodies none |
| O positive blood | Antigens Rh; antibodies A, B |
| A negative blood | Antigens A; antibodies B, Rh |
| B negative blood | Antigens B; antibodies A, Rh |
| AB negative blood | Antigens A, B; antibodies Rh |
| O negative blood | Antigens none; antibodies A, B, Rh |
| Interatrial septum | Partition between the two atria, composed mostly of fibrous tissue |
| Interventricular septum | Partition between the two ventricles, composed mostly of myocardium |
| Atrioventricular valves | Valves that seperate atria and ventricles |
| Tricuspid valve | Seperates right atrium from right ventricle |
| Bicuspid valve | Seperates left atrium from left ventricle |
| Mitral valve | Bicuspid valve |
| Semilunar valves | Valves that seperate ventricles from blood vessels attatched to them |
| Pulmonary semilunar valve | Seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk |
| Aortic semilunar valve | Seperates left ventricle from aorta |
| Chordae tendineae | Strong chords that stretch from the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valve to the heart muscle and restrict how far the valve leaflets swing when they close |
| Cardiac cycle | Cycle involving periods of systole and diastole to fill and empty the chambers of the heart |
| Systole | Contraction of myocardium |
| Diastole | Relaxation of myocardium |
| Conduction pathway of the heart | Specialized strands of cardiac muscle tissue that coordinate rhythmic contractions of the heart |
| Sinoatrial node | Acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart, situated in the posterior wall of the right atrium |
| Atrioventricular bundle | Short bundle of fibers at the top of the interventricular septum that relay the nervous impulse from the atrioventricular node to the left and right ventricles |
| Bundle of His | Atrioventricular bundle |
| Bundle branches | Two branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle and bring impulse down the interventricular septum |
| Purkinje fibers | Small fibers at the ends of the bundle branches that connect to and stimulate contraction of the myocardium |
| Cardiac output | Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart by the heart rate |
| Stroke volume | Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every time it beats |
| Heart rate | Number of times the ventricles contract per minute |
| Coronary arteries | Blood vessels that take blood to the heart tissue |
| Coronary veins | Blood vessels that drain the heart tissue |
| Coronary sinus | Collects blood from the coronary veins |
| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate |
| Tachycardia | Fast heart rate |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Arterioles | Small arteries |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart |
| Venules | Small veins |
| Capillaries | Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules where exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones takes place |
| Pulmonary vessels | All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
| Systemic vessels | All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body |
| Tunica externa | External layer of connective tissue |
| Tunica media | Middle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue |
| Tunica intima | Layer of squamous epithelial tissue that lines the lumen |
| Endothelium | Tunica intima |
| Lumen | Cavity in the vessel through which the blood flows |
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