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psych CHAPTER 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon) |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction which is often implied by a theory |
| operational definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. ex: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
| case study | and observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
| population | all the cases in a group being studies, from which samples may be drawn |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |
| scatter plots | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. Slope = direction of the relationship. Amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exist |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment, experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
| random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups |
| double-blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Common in drug-evaluation studies |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment (independent variable) |
| control group | in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment and serves as a comparison |
| independent variable | experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| dependent variable | outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| mode | most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
| mean | arithmetic average of a distribution |
| median | middle score in a distribution |
| range | difference b/w the highest and lowest scores |
| standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| normal curve | symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. Most scores fall near the mean and fewer near the extremes |
| statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
Created by:
pariaa
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