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operantconditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Operant conditioning: a type of learning where behaviour becomes controlled by its consequences. | Operant: is a response that occurs without any stimulus causing it - this is a voluntary behaviour that acts upon the environment in the same way each time. |
| The D-B-C of operant conditioning. Discriminative stimulus (the environment)Behaviour Consequences | Discriminative stimulus: an environment that makes conditions right for a certain behaviour to follow, for example, a smile leads to a conversation more than a sneer will. |
| Skinner and the three-phase model of operant conditioning. | generalisation: a judgement about the extent to which the research findings can be applied to the population represented by the sample. |
| > Skinner developed the system of teaching and learning referred to as operant conditioning. He referred to the three phase model as involving: the discriminative stimulus (or antecedent conditions), the behaviour, and the consequences. | > Skinner trained animals to perform voluntary behaviours by rewarding the response with food; after only a few training trials, the animals would perform the behaviour every time. |
| > Skinner invented a device called the Skinner box, which has: > a means of giving a signal (a light or buzzer) > a means of recording a response (a bar, button, lever or touch-pad) | > a means of providing a reward (food) or punisher (mild electric shock) > a means of automatically recording that the response had been made (a cumulative recorder). |
| > With the Skinner box, results of research can be very robust and generalisation of the results is appropriate. | Elements of operant conditioning. Reinforcers and Punishers. |
| Reinforcer: any stimulus (action or event) that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response (behaviour). | Positive reinforcer: a consequence that strengthens a behavioural response by providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome. |
| Negative reinforcement: the removal, reduction or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus, increasing the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated. | Punisher: any stimulus (action or event) that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a response (behaviour). Punishers are any consequences that lead to a decrease in a given response. The consequence does not need to be intended to be a punisher. |
| Response cost: a form of punishment that occurs when something desirable is removed (for example removing a mobile phone if misused). | > Side effects of punishment include frustration, aggression, feelings of helplessness, displacement of anger onto the person doing the punishing. |
| > Effective punishment needs to be brief, immediate and linked to the undesired behaviour in the mind of the person (or animal) being punished. It is only effective if a positive behaviour can be developed to replace the 'bad' behaviour. | Punishment and negative reinforcement. |
| Punishment: any event that reduces the likelihood of a particular response occurring over time. | Punishment is distinct from negative reinforcement. Punishment decreases the probability of the response occurring, while negative reinforcement (like positive reinforcement) increases the probability of a response occurring. |
| Schedules of reinforcement. - the frequency and manner in which a response is reinforced (or punished) - can have a major effect on changing behaviours. | > Schedules of reinforcement are variations in the frequency and manner in which a response is reinforced. |
| > Continuous reinforcement is when a correct response is reinforced every time it is given. | > Partial reinforcement is when only some correct responses are reinforced. Responses conditioned under partial reinforcement usually take longer to extinguish than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement. |
| Different schedules of partial reinforcement are: > fixed interval schedule - reinforcement is delivered after a fixed time period (e.g. every 10 seconds), as long as at least one correct response has been given. | > fixed ratio schedule - reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of correct responses (e.g. every tenth response). |
| > variable interval schedule - reinforcement occurs on an average of a set time interval but not with regular frequency (e.g. every 10 seconds on average but with variations from 4 to 16 seconds). | > variable ratio schedule - reinforcement occurs on the basis of a set average number of correct responses but it not regular in its occurence (e.g. every tenth response on an average but with variations from the fifth to the fifteenth response). |
| Other elements of operant conditioning. Extinction and spontaneous recovery. | > Extinction is when the conditioned response disappears over time after reinforcement has ceased. |
| > Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period. | > In operant conditioning, the terms 'generalisation' and 'discrimination' refer to the discriminative stimulus (activating event): |
| > generalisation is where a behaviour occurs as a result of a discriminative stimulus that is similar (but not identical) to the original. | > discrimination is where the organism learns to avoid responding to a discriminative stimulus that is similar (but not identical) to the original. |
| Shaping. > Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcement is given for responses that get closer and closer to the target behaviour (the method of successive approximations). | Token economies. > a token economy is a form of behaviour modification in which tokens are earned for performing desirable behaviours and later exchanged for some reinforcer (reward) that is valued by the learner. |
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phoebe 4
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