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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 - Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience |
| classical conditioning | a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that automatically elicts a particular unconditioned response |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response to a particular unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning , a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus |
| higher-order conditioning | in classical conditioning, the establishment of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus generalization | in classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | in classical conditioning, giving a conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it |
| extinction | in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of the condition response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | in classical conditioning, the reappearance after a period of time of a condiioned response that has been subjected to extinction |
| taste aversion | A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. |
| law of effect | edward thorndike's principle that a behavior followed by a satisfying state of affairs is strengthened and a behavior followed by an annoying state of affairs is weakened |
| operant conditioning | b.f. skinner's term for instrumental conditioning, a form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences |
| skinner box | an enclosure that contains a bar or key that can be pressed to obtain food or water and that is used to study operant conditioning in rats, pigeons, or other small animals |
| positive reinforcement | in operant conditioning an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by a desirable consequences |
| primary reinforcer | in operant conditioning, an unlearned reinforcer that satisfies a biological need such as food, water, or oxygen |
| secondary reinforcer | in operant conditioning, a neurtral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being associated with a primary reinforcer |
| discriminative stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates the likelihood that a particular response will be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not likely to be reinforced. |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure that involves the positive reinforcement of successive approximations of an initially improbable behavior to eventually bring about that behavior |
| chaining | an operant conditioning procedure used to establish a desired sequence of behaviors by positively reinforcing each behavior in the sequence |
| continuous schedule of reinforcement | a schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each instance of a desired response |
| partial schedule of reinforcement | a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces some, but not all, instances of a desired response |
| fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement | a partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement after a set number of desired responses |
| variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement | a partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement after varying, unpredictable numbers of desired responses |
| fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement | a partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first desired response made after a set length of time |
| variable-interval schedule of reinforcement | a partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first desired response made after varying, unpredictable lengths of time |
| negative reinforcement | in operant conditioning, an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus |
| escape learning | learning to perform a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus, as in negative reinforcement |
| avoidance learning | learning to prevent the occurence of an aversive stimulus by giving an appropriate response to a warning stimulus |
| extinction | in operant conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a response that is no longer followed by a reinforcer |
| spontaneous recovery | in operant conditioning, the reappearance after a period of time of a behavior that has been subjected to extinction |
| punishment | in operant conditioning, the process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure that uses tokens as positive reinforcers in programs designed to promote desirable behaviors, with the tokens later used to purchase desired items or privileges |
| programmed instruction | a step-by-step approach, based on operant conditioning, in which the learner proceeds at his or her own pace through more and more advanced material and receives immediate knowledge of the results of each response |
| computer-assisted instruction | the use of computer programs to provide programmed instruction |
| learned helplessness | a feeling of futility caused by the belief that one has little or no control over events in one's life, which can make one stop trying and become depressed |
| biofeedback | a form of operant conditioning that enables an individual 2 learn 2 control a normally involuntary physiological process or 2 gain better control of a normally voluntary 1 when provided w/ visual/auditory information indicating the state of that response |
| instinctive drift | the reversion of animals to behaviors characteristics of their species even when being reinforced for performing other behaviors |
| behavioral preparedness | the degree to which members of species are innately prepared to learn particular behaviors |
| blocking | the process by which a neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus that already elicits a conditioned stimulus that already elicits a conditioned response fails to become a conditioned stimulus |
| latent learning | learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior |
| observational learning | learning produced by observing the consequences that others recieve for performing particular behaviors |
| social learning theory | a theory of learning that assumes that people learn behaviors mainly through observation and mental processing of information |
Created by:
Jessica C
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