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Abnormal- Chapter 5
Anxiety disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 ways to describe anxiety | negative effect, somatic symptoms of tension, apprehension of upcoming events (out of our control, future-oriented |
| Anxiety is helpful and normal when _______. | experienced in small amounts |
| Anxiety becomes problematic when _______. | it is experienced in excessive amounts and interfaces with daily functioning |
| An immediate reaction to current danger characterized by _________. | a strong escapist action |
| Fear activates the ________ branch of the _______ nervous system. | sympathetic, autonomic |
| 3 Characteristics of anxiety disorders | pervasive and persistent symptoms of anxiety, excessive avoidance and escape tendencies, causes clinically significant distress and impairment in functioning |
| What is a panic attack? | abrupt experience of intense discomfort or fear |
| Physical symptoms of a panic attack | heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness |
| What are 3 types of panic attacks? | situationally bound, unexpected, and situationally predisposed panic attack |
| When is a situationally bound (cued) panic attack expected? | specific situations |
| Unexpected panic attacks are __________. | are unanticipated and occur without warning. |
| Unexpected panic attacks are common in people suffering from what? | panic disorder |
| Biological contributions to anxiety | runs in families, depleted levels in the GABA and serotonergic systems |
| Area of brain most associated with anxiety is _________. | the limbic system |
| Psychological contributions to anxiety (Freud) | Anxiety involves reactivation of an infantile fear situation` |
| Psychological contributions to anxiety (behaviorists' views) | Classical and operant conditioning and modeling |
| Psychological contributions to anxiety (psychological views) | Early experiences with uncontrollability / unpredictability |
| Psychological contributions to anxiety (social contributions) | Stressful life events trigger vulnerabilities |
| True or false: Comorbidity is common across the anxiety disorders. | True |
| About _________ of patients have two or more secondary diagnoses. | half |
| What is the most common secondary diagnosis? | depression |
| _______ and _______ are closely related. | Anxiety and depression |
| What is GAD? | Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
| People with GAD typically worry about __________. | minor daily life events |
| Children with GAD worry about: | academics,athletics, social competence, physical injury |
| What is the DSM-IV-TR Criteria for GAD? | Excessive worry (difficult to turn off or control), must be ongoing more days than not, persists for a period of more than 6 months, physical symptoms include muscle tension, fatigue, irritability, difficulty sleeping and focusing attention |
| GAD affects about ___ of the population. | 4% |
| 2/3 of people who are affected by GAD are ______. | female |
| Onset often begins in early _________ and often progresses more ________ compared to other anxiety disorders. | adulthood, gradually |
| True or False: GAD may be genetic | True but what is inherited is a tendency to be anxious , not GAD itself. |
| Treatments for generalized anxiety disorder | Benzodiazepines, Psychological intereventions/cognitive-behavioral therapies |
| panic disorder with or without agoraphobia | experience of unexpected panic attack, worrying about another panic attack, symptoms persist for 1 month or more |
| What is agoraphobia? | A fear that is characterized by avoiding situations or enduring them with marked distress |
| What do people with agoraphobia fear? | They fear and avoid "unsafe" situations where a panic attack may occur |
| They find it _____ to escape to a safe place. | hard |
| What is some ways people cope with having unexpected panic attacks? | agoraphobia, drugs and alcohol |
| True or false: Many people who experience panic attacks do not develop panic disorder | true |
| True or false: Many people experience anxiety and panic without developing agoraphobia. | true |
| Panic disorders affect _____ percent of the population. | 3.5% |
| ____ of people who have panic disorders are _______. | Two thirds, women |
| Women may report fears while men _______________. | "tough it out" or use alcohol |
| True or false: Onset for panic disorder is acute. | yes, usually beginning around ages 25-29 |
| Panic disorder is ______ in children. | rare |
| Treatments for panic disorder | medications targeting serotonergic, noradrenergic, and GABA systems, and SSRIs(e.g., Prozac and Paxil) |
| Approximately, _____% of people on medication are free of panic as long as they stay on the medication. | 60 |
| ___% of people relapse after stopping tricyclic antidepressants ___% relapse when stopping benzodiazepine | 20, 90 |
| Psychological treatment for panic disorder | Cognitive-behavior therapies are highly effective and have the best long-term outcome |
| Features of specific phobias | Extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation, Interferes with one's ability to function, Recognize fears are unreasonable, Still go to great lengths to avoid phobic objects |
| Phobias affect about ___% of the general population and __________ are overrepresented. | 11, females |
| Are phobias acute or chronic? | chronic |
| Between what ages do phobias begin? | ages 15-20 |
| blood-injury-infection phobia | response to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection |
| situational phobia | planes, trains, elevators |
| natural environment phobia | events occurring in nature (heights, storms, water) |
| animal phobia | fear of animals and insects |
| causes of phobias | Biological vulnerability, direct conditioning, observational learning |
| Psychological Treatments of Specific Phobias | Cognitive-behavior therapies are highly effective |
| What are the most common phobias? | heights and snakes |
| Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) | unrealistic and persistent worry that something terrible will happen to one's parents or oneself and the child may refuse to attend school or sleep alone because of separation from parents. |
| School phobia | fear is specific to the school and the child can leave parents to go somewhere other than school |
| Features of social phobia | Extreme and irrational fear/shyness, Focused on social and/or performance situations, Markedly interferes with one's ability to function, May avoid social situations or endure them with distress |
| People who have a social phobia have a fear of: | humiliation and embarassment |
| Most common types of performance phobias | Public speaking, Eating in a restaurant, Using a public restroom |
| Social phobias affect ___% of the general population | 13 |
| True or false: Social phobia is the most prevalent psychological disorder | true |
| True or false: Slightly more females than males have social phobia | true (1.4 to 1.0) |
| onset of social phobia takes place during: | adolescence |
| Causes of social phobias | Biological, Direct conditioning, observational learning |
| Meds for social phobias | Tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, SSRI – Paxil |
| Relapse rates are _____ for people who go off medications for their social phobia. | high |
| Psychological treatments for social phobias | Cognitive-behavioral treatment – Exposure, role-play in a group setting (treatment highly effective) |
| Features of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Exposure to a traumatic event, Person experiences extreme fear/helplessness/horror, Re-experience the event, Avoidance of reminders of trauma, Emotional numbing, Interpersonal problems are common, interferes with ability to function, Difficulty sleeping |
| How much of the general population does PTSD affect? | 7.8% |
| Most common traumas that cause PTSD | Sexual assault, Accidents, Combat |
| What are some subtypes of PTSD? | Acute PTSD, Chronic PTSD, Acute Stress Disorder |
| Acute PTSD | May be diagnosed 1-3 months post trauma |
| Chronic PTSD | Diagnosed after 3 months post trauma |
| Acute stress disorder | diagnosis of PTSD immeadiately post trauma (40% go on to develop PTSD) |
| Causes for PTSD | Intensity of the trauma and one’s reaction to it, Uncontrollability and unpredictability Extent of social support, or lack thereof post-trauma, Direct conditioning and observational learning |
| Psychological PTSD treatment | Increase positive coping skills and social support, Cognitive-behavior therapies are highly effective |
| Obsessions | Intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that one tries to resist or eliminate |
| Compulsions | can be behavioral (hand washing, checking) or mental (e.g., counting, praying), Most people display multiple obsessions (cleaning, washing, and/or checking rituals) |
| What percent of the population does OCD affect? | 2.6% |
| Most people with OCD are _________ | females |
| OCD tends to be _______ | chronic |
| Onset for OCD is typically in ________________ | early adolescence or adulthood |
| Medical Treatments for OCD | Clomipramine and other SSRIs – Benefit about 60% (relapse is common when meds are discontinued) |
| Psychological treatments for OCD | Cognitive-behavioral therapy – Most effective for OCD |
Created by:
Ellemkay
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