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Gen Physcology

chapter 6 & 7

QuestionAnswer
Memory * active system that receives info from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage
1st process of memory* encoding-convert info into a usable form in the brains storage
2nd process of memory * storage
3rd process of memory * retrieval
information-processomg model * assumes the processing of information for memory storage ids similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages
levels-of-processing model * assumes info that is more "deeply processes" of processed according ro it meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words.will nbe remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
parallel distributed processing PDP *model memory procces are roposed top take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections
Sensory memory * the first stage of memory, info enters through the sensory systens
iconic memory * visual memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
eidetic imagery the rare ability to access a visual memory for 30 secs or more
echoic memory the brief memory of something you just heard,capacity - limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory, Duration- lasts longer that iconic' about 2-4 seconds
short term memory stm(working memory) * the memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used
selective attention * the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
digit span test memory test
capacity of stm seven items or pieces of info, p;us or minus two items, or from five to nine bits of info
chuncking * bits of info are combimned into meaningful units, or chunks, so that more info can be held in stm
maintenance rehearsal practice of saying info over and over in ones head in order to maintain it in short term memory (stm)
long term memory (LTM) * system of memory into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently
elaborative rehearsal making that info meaningful in some way
procedural memory * type of ltm including memory for skills,procedures, habits, and conditioned response. called implicit memory (not conscious)
Declarative memory conscious and know (memory for facts)
semantic memory * general knowledge of the meaning of things such as language and info learned in formal edu(explicit memory- that is consciously known)
episodic memory * memory containing personal info not readily available to others such as daily activities and events. autobiographical(explicit memory- that is consciously known)
semantic network model model of memory organization that assume info is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than retrieval cue a stimulus for remembering
retrieval cue * a stimulus for remembering
encoding specificity * the tendency for memory to be improved if related info (such as surroundings of physiological state) available when the memory is first formed so also available when the memory is being retrieved
state-dependent learning memories formed during a particular psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state
recall type of memory retrieval in which the info to be retrieved must be pulled form memory with very few external cues
retrieval failure recall has failed(at least temporarily)
serial position effect * tendency of info at the beginning and end to be remembered ore accurately than info in the middle of the body of info
primacy effect tendency to remember info at the beginning
recency effect tendency to remember info at the end
recognition the ability to match a piece of into or a stimulus to a stored image or a fact
false positive error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory
automatic encoding * tendency of certain kinds of info to enter ltm with little or effortless encoding
flashbulb memories * type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it
constructive processing * referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memory's r altered,revised, or influenced by newer info
hindsight bias * tendency to falsely believe through revision of older memories to include newer info that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event
misinformation Effect * the tendency if misleading information presented after an alter the memories of the event itself
false memory syndrome * the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others hypnosis evidence suggests that false memories cannot be created for just any kind of memory
curve of forgetting * a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers of gradually
distributed practice * will produce better retrieval than massed potatoes
encoding failure * failure to process information into memory
memory trace physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
decay/disuse * loss of memory due to the passage of time
proactive interference memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information
retroactive * memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
retrograde amnesia * loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory fr the past
anterograde amnesia * loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long term memories(senile dementia)
infantile amnesia * the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3
autobiographical memory memory for events and facts related to ones personal life
Thinking (cognition) * mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand and communicate info to others
mental images * mental representation that stand for objects or events an have a picture like quality
concepts * ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities
super ordinate concept * the most general form of a type of concept such as animal or fruit
basic level type an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized such as dog cat or pear
sub ordinate concepts * the most specific category of a concept such as ones per dog or a granny smith apple
formal concepts * defined by specific rules of their experiences in the real world
natural concepts * people form as a result of their experiences in the real world
prototype * an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept
problem solving * process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
trial and error (mechanical solution) * trying one possible solution after another until a successful one is found
algorithms * very specific step by step procedures for solving certain types of problems
heuristic * educated guess based on prior experiences that he;[s narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. also known as a rule of thumb
means end analysis * heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference
insight * sudden perception of a solution to solve a problem
artificial intelligence* the creation of a machine that can think like a human
functional fixedness a block that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions
Mental set* tendency for people to persist in using problem solving patterns that have worked for them in the past
confirmation bias * the tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs
creativity solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways
convergent thinking * type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic
Divergent thinking * type of thinking in which a person stars from on point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity
intelligence * the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems
spearmans theory * g factor general intelligence s factor specific intelligence
gardners theory * multiple intelligence
multiple intelligence ranging from verbal linguistic and mathematical to interpersonal and interpersonal intelligence
analytic intelligence mental steps or components used to solve problems
Emotional intelligence * the awareness of and ability to manage ones own emotions, to be self motivated, able to feel what others feel , and socially skilled
standardization * process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed
validity the degree to which a test actually measures what its supposed to measure
reliability * the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
deviation iq scores * a type of intelligence measure that assumes that iq is normally distributed round a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15
developmentally delayed condition in which a persons behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more acceptable term for mental retardation
language
Created by: 1373379838
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