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Basic Cardiovascular
Basic Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what the survival of the trillions of cells that make up our bodies depends on | absorption and metabolizing of oxygen and nutrients, secretion of their metabolic waste |
| how oxygen and nutrients are supplied to cells | via blood circulation and interstitial fluid |
| necessity for proper oxygen and nutrient supply, as well as waste transit | the continuous exchange between interstitial fluid and nearby circulating blood |
| the 3 components of the cardiovascular system | the heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| what type of tissue is blood | connective |
| the only 2 liquid connective tissues of the body | blood and lymph |
| the heart's role in the cardiovascular system | acts as a pump that propels blood throughout the body |
| the percentage of the body that is whole blood | 8% |
| whole blood is composed of ..... | liquid plasma and a solid component of formed elements |
| plasma is composed of ... | proteins, water, and other solutes |
| proteins found in plasma | albumins, globulins, fibrinogens |
| 'other solutes' found in plasma | electrolytes, nutrients, gasses, vitamins, waste products, enzymes and hormones |
| the 'formed elements' of whole blood are composed of .... | red and white blood cells, platelets |
| role of red blood cells (hemaglobin) | transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, gives whole blood it's red colour |
| role of white blood cells | immunity, protection against infections |
| role of platelets | initiation and stimulation of coagulation (to stop hemorrhaging) |
| functions of blood | transportation (of oxygen/nutrients/wastes), regulation/homeostasis (maintenace of chemical concentrations/regulate body temperature), protection (immune reaction, eliminating bacteria, coagulation) |
| how blood is transported throughout the body | via a closed circuit network of blood vessels |
| the three types of blood vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| carry blood away from the heart, towards tissues | arteries |
| carry blood towards the heart, from the cells/tissues | veins |
| responsible for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid | capillaries |
| type of tissue (and tunic) making up capillaries | epithelial (tunica interna), endothelium |
| the 3 layers (tunics) of veins and arteries | tunicas interna(endothelium), media, externa |
| connective tissue (elastic and collagen fibers), found in arteries and veins, gives strength, suppleness, and elasticity to vessels | tunica externa |
| smooth muscle tissue, layer of the walls in arteries and veins, plays a role in blood pressure and volume homeostasis by contracting and relaxing | tunica media |
| layer of epithelial tissue found in veins, arteries, and makes up capillaries | tunica interna (endothelium) |
| smooth muscle cell contraction (narrowing of the lumen), increases blood pressure and reduces blood volume | vasoconstriction |
| smooth muscle cell relaxation,(increase of the diameter of the lumen), decreases blood pressure and increases blood volume | vasodilation |
| three types of arteries | large, medium, arterioles |
| found leaving the heart, and rapidly dividing, have a high volume of elastic fibers to accommodate high volume of blood, the aorta is the largest | large arteries |
| originate from the branching of large arteries, abundance of smooth muscle cells (for vasodilatation and vasoconstriction) | medium sized arteries |
| very small arteries delivering blood to capillaries | arterioles |
| two types of veins | veins and venules |
| small veins formed by the fusion of capillary vessels, collect blood from capillaries | venules |
| formed by the fusion of venules, return blood to the heart | veins |
| differences between veins and arteries | veins have valves, thin tunics, large lumen - arteries have thick tunics, narrow lumen, no valves |
| bringing blood back to the heart | venous return |
| 3 mechanisms for venous return | venous valves, muscular pump, respiratory pump |
| venous valves | prevents 'backflow' of blood |
| lower-limb contraction/relaxation cycle, creates a pumping motion propelling blood upward | muscular pump |
| modification of abdominal and thoracic internal pressure during inhalation/exhalation, pulling blood upwards (vacuum) | respiratory pump |
| location of the heart | in the mediastinum, on the diaphram, slightly to the left, between the lungs |
| membrane surrounding and protecting the heart | pericardium |
| make up of the pericardium | two layers of connective tissue separated by a thin cavity filled with pericardial fluid, and a thin single layer wrapping it all |
| layers of tissue in the cardiac walls | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| thin, transparent outtermost layer of connective tissue surrounding the inner walls of the heart | epicardium |
| cardiac muscle tissue, middle layer of tissues surrounding walls of the heart | myocardium |
| thin layer of epithelial tissue covering the inside of the heart | endocardium |
| the upper chambers of the heart | atria (left atrium, right atrium) |
| the lower chambers of the heart | ventricles (left ventricle, right ventricle) |
| blood enters the heart through ________, and leaves through the ___________ via _________ | atria, ventricles, arteries |
| blood leaves tissues via ______, which bring it into the ________ | veins, atrium |
| in between the heart and tissues are the ___________ | capillaries |
| blood leaves the lungs _________ | oxygenated |
| blood is _____________ in the tissues and organs | de-oxygenated |
| oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via _____ and enters the ___ ______, where it is emptied into the ___ _______ , and leaves the heart via the ________ | veins, left atrium, left ventricle, arteries (aorta) |
| ________ de-oxyginate blood, which is then brought back to the heart through the ____ _____ via _______, where it is emptied into the ___ _______, and leaves towards the lungs via ________ | capillaries, right atrium, veins, right ventricle, arteries |
| the two closed circuits of blood circulation | pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation |
| define systemic circulation | the path followed by blood when leaving the heart to reach every tissue of the body (except the lungs) |
| circuit responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients, and collecting CO2 and other metabolic wastes in the body before flowing back to the heart | systemic circulation |
| closed circuit that refers to blood flowing from the left atrium to the right atrium | systemic circulation |
| define pulmonary circulation | the path followed by blood when leaving the heart to reach the lungs |
| circuit responsible for excreting CO2 and filling up with oxygen before returning to the heart | pulmonary circulation |
| closed circuit that refers to blood flowing from the right atrium to the left atrium | pulmonary circulation |
| the hearts blood supply and vessel network | coronary circulation |
| group of specialized cells stimulating atrial and ventricular contractions | SA node or pacemaker |
| the contraction phase in cardiac chambers | systole |
| the relaxation phase in cardiac chambers | diastole |
| the control centre located in the brain stem, regulating heart rate through the autonomic nervous system | cardiovascular centre |
| factors influencing (accelerating) heart rate | hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, thyroid ... aging, obesity, smoking, fever |
| the force exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls | blood pressure |
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