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Social Cognition
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Opening a Social Categories
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JHStereotypes
Bristol Social Psychology Stereotypes
| Question | Answer | Flap 3 |
|---|---|---|
| Social Cognition | Brain processes behind social psychology | (blank) |
| Opening a Social Categories | Opens stereotype | provides you with info & makes you alert to peculiar info |
| Stereotype components | Cognitive, affective, behavioural | how we feel, think and act towards a group |
| Structural effects of activating a stereotype | attentional preservation, memory encoding & retrival | (blank) |
| Informational effects of activating a stereotype | target elaboration using info you already know | (blank) |
| behavioural effects of activating a stereotype | action initiation | (blank) |
| Dovido et al (1986) | Activation inevitable? | Yes. "Could <black/white> be true of <trait>". Quicker response when concordent. BUT problem with stimulus (just words), making explicit judgements. |
| Purdue & Gurtman (1991) | Activation inevitable? | Invisible prime (young v old). Favourable traits faster for young than old. Unfavourable faster for old. BUT not steretypical of groups. |
| Devine (?) | Activation inevitable? | Two process model. Distiction between activation and application. Application levels vary depnding on prejudice. By replacing society's beliefs with your own personal beliefs you can inhibit activation. |
| Devine (?) exp | Activation inevitable? | Subliminal prime using vigillance task.Read abiguous passage abt "donald" & interpret behav. Primed = hostile, Prejudice ppl = more hostile. |
| Gilbert & Hixon (1991) | Activation inevitable? When not? | Woman (asian/white) turn over a card, POLI_E, also cog. depletion task, when cog busy, no stereotype activation, controvertial |
| Spencer et al (1998) | Activation inevitable? When not? | Repeated Gilbert & Hixon but also introduced self image threat by negative feedback. Activated when threatened. |
| Macrae et al (1997) | Activation inevitable? When not? | Temporary processing goals. Photo of woman/object. Semantic questions "alive?", pre-synaptic "count dots" & control. Then LDT. Only steretypic when semantic processing. |
| Definition of steretypic activation. | Extent of accessibility of a stereotype. | (blank) |
| Definition of application | how much one uses a stereotype to judge a group | (blank) |
| Flexibility to process expected and unexpected information | Neocortical System: slow learning, semantic memory and beliefs, resistant to change (expected info) | Hippocampal: fast learning, temporary representations & episodic memory that have comon access to consciousness (unexpected - rehearsal can then fit into schema) |
| Kunda & Sinclair (1999) | Application model | Applic & Act determined by motivation which is influenced by reasoning. |
| Motivational goals affecting act/applic | comprehension & prejudice avoidance (less likely to) | self enhancement (more likely to). |
| Fein & Spencer (1997) | Self enhancement & act/applic | look at job applicants that either jewish (by looks and name) or not. Ppts either fail/pass/control a test. Only those that passed didn't stereotype. |
| Sinclair & Kunda (1996) | Self enhanceent field study | Female professors that give bad marks deemed less competent that males that give equal marks (NB conclusions dodgey) |
| Unexpected info leads to | individuation | (blank) |
| Macrae et al (1999) | Individuation | stops under cognitive load. |
| Stereotype application on social judgements. | eg self judgements after trait activation v exemplar activation | do well if primed with professor, badly if primed with a specific professor. |
| Bargh (1996) | category application & behaviour | Primed with elderly = walk more slowly. priming leads to action tendancies. |
| Inhibition (neuron processes) | Pyramidal cells have +ve feedback, GABA inhibits | needed for coherent behaviour |
| Evidence for inhibition | Negative priming, lateral inhibition (ambiguous words) & cognitive deficits (elderly) | (blank) |
| Kunda & Thagrad | (1996) if something fits many stereotypes, contradicting traits cancel out and are void. | bit shit |
| Bodenhausen & Macrae | (1998) lateral inhibition, cognitive mechanisms try to simplify | categories achieve dominance by being salient, chronically accessible (and priming), chronically prejudice, momentory goals |
| Macrae, Boadenhausen & Milne | (1995) evidence for inhibition during impression formation | ppts primed with either "asian" or "woman", then LDT, those primed w woman = faster at woman words and, asian words inhibited compared to control. |
| Sinclair & Kunda | (1999) inhibition in real life impression formation | meet black doctor who either praises or criticises, if praised they inhibit black and activate doctor, if criticised then other way around |
| Locke, Cesareo & Johnston | (under review). | ppts shown aborigine/caucasian faces. Then do stroop task with stereotypic words. Low prejudice showed inhibition to steretypical aboriginal words compared to caucasian base line. |
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