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In a germinating dicot seedling, if the end of the radical or primary root dies, what type of root system results?
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In the soil profile, we discussed 4 “horizons” or zones. Which two horizons contain most of the roots, moisture, and nutrients?
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Test 3
Basic Crop Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In a germinating dicot seedling, if the end of the radical or primary root dies, what type of root system results? | Fibrous |
| In the soil profile, we discussed 4 “horizons” or zones. Which two horizons contain most of the roots, moisture, and nutrients? | A and O horizon |
| Fibrous | no central root system but a shallower system made up of roots about the same size |
| Fibrous root advantages | -More evenly distributed in soil -Shallower distribution where more moisture and nutrients are generally located |
| Taproot | forms from the primary radical and is the central portion of the root system. |
| Taproot advantages | -Can pull water and nutrients from deeper in the soil -Provides an excellent system for dicot crops to survive extended stress like drought -Provides anchorage for upright-growing crops -Provides food storage for dicot perennials to over-winter |
| Radicle | primary root that emerges first from the embryo in the seed |
| Seminal roots | seed roots that emerge from the embryo |
| Adventitious roots | roots that originate from tissue other than root tissue |
| Brace roots | above-ground roots in grasses that originate at the nodes |
| Epidermis | protects the root |
| Cortex | food storage area |
| Endodermis | becomes pericycle, phloem, and xylem |
| Pericycle | develops the branch roots |
| Phloem | transports sugar |
| Xylem | Transports water |
| Root hair | lateral extension of an epidermal cell that functions to increase the root’s surface area for nutrient and water uptake |
| Root cap | protects the apical meristem as the root penetrates the soil |
| Root cap region | cell region at end of root continually replaced by the apical meristem |
| Region of cell division | meristematic region where new cells are produced behind the root cap |
| Cell elongation zone | new cells are not produced but elongate to push the root through the soil |
| Differentiation zone | transition zone where cells start to differentiate |
| Maturation zone | cells become more specialized in function to form tissues |
| Causes of light intensity | high plant population, weed competition, extreme cloudy weather, anything that decreases light to the plant |
| Primary soil zone for root activity | in the upper zones O and A where most of the nutrients and water are located |
| Transport tissue in the roots | Xylem tissue moves water and nutrients up to the stems; Phloem moves photosynthesis products downward to the growing points at the root tips |
| Which part of the root protects the meristematic region as it moves through the soil? | root cap |
| What are the xylem and phloem in the root called? | Vascular bundle and Stele |
| Stem | central axis of a plant that supports leaves, branches, and flowers |
| Leaf | flat appendages attached to the stem to increase surface for light interception, photosynthesis, and transpiration |
| Stalk | solid stem of grasses like corn and sorghum |
| Culm | hollow stem of grasses like small grains (wheat, barley, oats, etc.) |
| Nodes | compressed tissue where axillary buds, leaves, branches, and flowers originate |
| Internode | areas between the nodes made of elongated cells |
| Axillary bud | located where the branch or leaf meets the stem |
| The meristem at the top of the plant can suppress axillary buds by hormone (auxin) activity. What is this suppression called? | Apical dominance |
| Soybeans are considered legumes and can produce their own nitrogen. What type of leaf is the first true leaf after the cotyledons? | Unifoliate |
| Stolon | above ground horizontal stems that function in asexual reproduction. Example- Crowsfoot grass |
| Rhizome | underground, horizontal stem that sends out roots from its nodes. Example- Johnson grass |
| Crown | compressed stem tissue with no internodes that can produce a stem (dicots) or tillers (small grains). Example- wheat |
| Tuber | enlarged underground stems with a large amount of carbohydrates and nodes. Example- Irish potato |
| Bulb | Compressed modified stem composed mostly of fleshy leaves. Example- Red onion |
| Corm | fleshy underground stem with few nodes and scaly, small leaves composed of stem tissue Example- Timothy grass |
| Intercalary meristem | growing point at the tip of grass stems where growth occurs from the bottom up |
| Stand density | As the density of the stand increases, the thickness and strength of the stem decreases causing lodging |
| Light intensity | As light intensity decreases, stems become spindly and weak, a condition called “etiolation”, due to auxin activity |
| Each plant has a particular arrangement in which its flowers are developed. This is called the: | Inflorescence |
| Pubescent | Covered with tiny hairs |
| Glabrous | waxy, no pubescence |
| Transpiration | occurs in the stomata which have guard cells that open and close based on osmotic pressure (K+ concentration), temperature, and water status of the plant. |
| What factor(s) can cause corn to lodge | High winds, Brace root damage, over-fertilization, high plant populations |
| Photosynthesis | Use of water, carbon dioxide, and light energy to produce energy for plant growth and maintenance |
| Respiration | Oxidative breakdown of organic substances at low temperatures |
| Light striking the leaf has 3 options: | Absorbed, Reflected, Transmitted |
| Carotenoids | Yellow/orange pigments that help protect the chlorophylls from high light intensity |
| In photosynthesis, there are light and dark reactions. What is the set of dark reactions referred to as? | Calvin cycle |
| Vertical tillage | reduce soil compaction. Reduce runoff and erosion |
| Soil density | Increases smaller root system |
| 1 acre=how many ft? | 43560 ft^2 |
| 1 hectare= how many acres? | 2.471 acres |
| What % of Alabama's land is irrigated? | 15% |
| Stele | same as the vascular bundle |
| Flag leaf | top of leaf below flower |
| nodes of cotton | 3-4 days between |
| Palmer amaranth | grows 2-3" per day |
| 1st node on cotton | 0 cotyledon |
| Unifoliolate leaf | 1st true leaf in a soybean plant |
| Thrips | Take nutrients out of plants; terminal damage |
| Planting date for corn | 1st February- early April |
| As density increases... | lodging increases |
| Planting date for cotton | 1st April- 1st June |
| Planting date for peanuts | April-last of May |
| Planting date for soybeans | Middle of April- middle of June |
| Planting date for wheat | October-November |
| Lignin | Give support to the plant |
| What are the 2 primary energy carriers? | ATP and NADPH |
| In respiration, ATP is produced from sucrose + oxygen + ADP + Pi. What is this set of reactions referred to as? | Kreb's cycle |
Created by:
klr0021
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