Basic Crop Science
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| In a germinating dicot seedling, if the end of the radical or primary root dies, what type of root system results? | Fibrous
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| In the soil profile, we discussed 4 “horizons” or zones. Which two horizons contain most of the roots, moisture, and nutrients? | A and O horizon
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| Fibrous | no central root system but a shallower system made up of roots about the same size
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| Fibrous root advantages | -More evenly distributed in soil
-Shallower distribution where more moisture and nutrients are generally located
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| Taproot | forms from the primary radical and is the central portion of the root system.
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| Taproot advantages | -Can pull water and nutrients from deeper in the soil
-Provides an excellent system for dicot crops to survive extended stress like drought
-Provides anchorage for upright-growing crops
-Provides food storage for dicot perennials to over-winter
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| Radicle | primary root that emerges first from the embryo in the seed
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| Seminal roots | seed roots that emerge from the embryo
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| Adventitious roots | roots that originate from tissue other than root tissue
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| Brace roots | above-ground roots in grasses that originate at the nodes
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| Epidermis | protects the root
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| Cortex | food storage area
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| Endodermis | becomes pericycle, phloem, and xylem
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| Pericycle | develops the branch roots
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| Phloem | transports sugar
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| Xylem | Transports water
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| Root hair | lateral extension of an epidermal cell that functions to increase the root’s surface area for nutrient and water uptake
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| Root cap | protects the apical meristem as the root penetrates the soil
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| Root cap region | cell region at end of root continually replaced by the apical meristem
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| Region of cell division | meristematic region where new cells are produced behind the root cap
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| Cell elongation zone | new cells are not produced but elongate to push the root through the soil
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| Differentiation zone | transition zone where cells start to differentiate
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| Maturation zone | cells become more specialized in function to form tissues
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| Causes of light intensity | high plant population, weed competition, extreme cloudy weather, anything that decreases light to the plant
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| Primary soil zone for root activity | in the upper zones O and A where most of the nutrients and water are located
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| Transport tissue in the roots | Xylem tissue moves water and nutrients up to the
stems; Phloem moves photosynthesis products downward to the growing points at the root tips
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| Which part of the root protects the meristematic region as it moves through the soil? | root cap
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| What are the xylem and phloem in the root called? | Vascular bundle and Stele
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| Stem | central axis of a plant that supports leaves, branches, and flowers
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| Leaf | flat appendages attached to the stem to increase surface for light interception, photosynthesis, and transpiration
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| Stalk | solid stem of grasses like corn and sorghum
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| Culm | hollow stem of grasses like small grains (wheat, barley, oats, etc.)
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| Nodes | compressed tissue where axillary buds, leaves, branches, and flowers originate
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| Internode | areas between the nodes made of elongated cells
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| Axillary bud | located where the branch or leaf meets the stem
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| The meristem at the top of the plant can suppress axillary buds by hormone (auxin) activity. What is this suppression called? | Apical dominance
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| Soybeans are considered legumes and can produce their own nitrogen. What type of leaf is the first true leaf after the cotyledons? | Unifoliate
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| Stolon | above ground horizontal stems that function in asexual reproduction. Example- Crowsfoot grass
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| Rhizome | underground, horizontal stem that sends out roots from its nodes. Example- Johnson grass
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| Crown | compressed stem tissue with no internodes that can produce a stem (dicots) or tillers (small grains).
Example- wheat
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| Tuber | enlarged underground stems with a large amount of carbohydrates and nodes.
Example- Irish potato
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| Bulb | Compressed modified stem composed mostly of fleshy leaves.
Example- Red onion
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| Corm | fleshy underground stem with few nodes and scaly, small leaves composed of stem tissue
Example- Timothy grass
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| Intercalary meristem | growing point at the tip of grass stems where growth occurs from the bottom up
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| Stand density | As the density of the stand increases, the thickness and strength of the stem decreases causing lodging
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| Light intensity | As light intensity decreases, stems become spindly and weak, a condition called “etiolation”, due to auxin activity
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| Each plant has a particular arrangement in which its flowers are developed. This is called the: | Inflorescence
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| Pubescent | Covered with tiny hairs
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| Glabrous | waxy, no pubescence
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| Transpiration | occurs in the stomata which have guard cells that open and close based on osmotic pressure (K+ concentration), temperature, and water status of the plant.
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| What factor(s) can cause corn to lodge | High winds, Brace root damage, over-fertilization, high plant populations
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| Photosynthesis | Use of water, carbon dioxide, and light energy to produce energy for plant growth and maintenance
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| Respiration | Oxidative breakdown of organic substances at low temperatures
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| Light striking the leaf has 3 options: | Absorbed, Reflected, Transmitted
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| Carotenoids | Yellow/orange pigments that help protect the chlorophylls from high light intensity
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| In photosynthesis, there are light and dark reactions. What is the set of dark reactions referred to as? | Calvin cycle
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| Vertical tillage | reduce soil compaction. Reduce runoff and erosion
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| Soil density | Increases smaller root system
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| 1 acre=how many ft? | 43560 ft^2
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| 1 hectare= how many acres? | 2.471 acres
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| What % of Alabama's land is irrigated? | 15%
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| Stele | same as the vascular bundle
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| Flag leaf | top of leaf below flower
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| nodes of cotton | 3-4 days between
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| Palmer amaranth | grows 2-3" per day
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| 1st node on cotton | 0 cotyledon
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| Unifoliolate leaf | 1st true leaf in a soybean plant
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| Thrips | Take nutrients out of plants; terminal damage
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| Planting date for corn | 1st February- early April
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| As density increases... | lodging increases
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| Planting date for cotton | 1st April- 1st June
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| Planting date for peanuts | April-last of May
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| Planting date for soybeans | Middle of April- middle of June
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| Planting date for wheat | October-November
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| Lignin | Give support to the plant
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| What are the 2 primary energy carriers? | ATP and NADPH
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| In respiration, ATP is produced from sucrose + oxygen + ADP + Pi. What is this set of reactions referred to as? | Kreb's cycle
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