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AP Psychology Chapte
Classical and Operant Conditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Learning | An association is made between two stimuli. |
| Operant Learning | An association is made between a behavior and a consequence. |
| Observational Learning | Behavior is the result of imitation or experience. |
| Acquisition (Classical Conditioning) | Learning begins with an association between a CS and a UCS. |
| Extinction (Classical Conditioning) | The behavior stops when the CS no longer introduces the UCS. |
| Spontaneous Recovery (Classical Conditioning) | The behavior resumes when the CS again is presented with the UCS after extinction and a rest period. |
| Generalization (Classical Conditioning) | A CR occurs to any stimulus that is similar to the original CS. |
| Discrimination (Classical Conditioning) | A CR only occurs to a certain stimuli even if similar to the original CS. |
| Acquisition (Operant Conditioning) | Learning occurs when a behavior is rewarded or punished. |
| Extinction (Operant Conditioning) | The behavior stops when the consequences stop. |
| Spontaneous Recovery (Operant Conditioning) | The behavior resumes after extinction and a rest period when a consequence is again presented with a behavior. |
| Generalization (Operant Conditioning) | The behavior occurs to any reward similar to the original reward. |
| Discrimination (Operant Conditioning) | The behavior occurs only to the original reward. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Cognitive Maps | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| Overjustification Effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Encouraging a behavior by giving something. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Encouraging a behavior by taking something away. |
| Positive Punishment | Discouraging a behavior by giving something. |
| Negative Punishment | Discouraging a behavior by taking something away. |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; it is learned to be satisfying. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | Rewards are offered after a set number of responses. |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | Rewards are offered after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | Rewards are offered after a fixed time period. |
| Variable Interval Schedule | Rewards are offered after varying time periods. |
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