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bkx PSY212 T3, P3
PSY-212 Test #3, Part 3: Individual vs. Group
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social dilemma | Situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses |
| Prisoner's dilemma | Two partners in crime in two separate interrogation rooms - will one of them be a sellout? |
| Replenishing resource management dilemma | Situation in which group members share a renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits if group members do not overharvest it but in which any single individual profits from harvesting as much as possible |
| Public goods dilemma | Situation in which (1) the whole group can benefit if some of the individuals give up something for the common good but (2) individuals profit from "free riding" if enough others contribute |
| Social trap | Situation in which individuals or groups are drawn toward immediate rewards that later prove to have unpleasant or lethal consequences |
| Three Causes of Social Traps | 1) Differences between short-term and long-term consequences 2) Ignorance of long-term consequences 3) Sliding reinforcers |
| Sliding reinforcers | Stimuli that bring rewards when used in small doses but punishments when used in large doses |
| Four Egoistic vs. Prosocial Orientations | 1) Altruist 2) Cooperator 3) Individualist 4) Competitor |
| Altruist Orientation | Someone oriented toward bringing the group benefits, even if it means personal sacrifice |
| Cooperator Orientation | Someone oriented toward working together to maximize the joint benefits of the self and the group |
| Individualist Orientation | Someone oriented toward maximizing personal gains, without regard to the rest of the group |
| Competitor Orientation | Someone oriented to come out relatively better than other players, regardless of whether personal winnings are high or low in an absolute sense |
| Three Correlations with Prosocial Orientations | 1) Many siblings, particularly older ones 2) Secure attachment styles in romantic relationships 3) Aging |
| John Platt | Suggested the use of social pressure and capitalization on our selfish reward-seeking tendencies to draw us out of social traps |
| Four Strategies by Platt | 1) Using alternative technologies to change long-term consequences 2) Moving future negative consequences into the present 3) Adding immediate punishments for undesirable behaviors 4) Reinforcing more desirable alternatives |
| Command-and-control policy | A prescriptive legal regulation that uses police power to punish violators |
| Market-based policy | An offer of reward to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors |
| Voluntarist policy | An appeal to people's intrinsic sense of social responsibility |
| Deterrence view | The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military might |
| Conflict spiral view | The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities |
| Integrative complexity | The extent to which a person demonstrates a simplified "black-and-white" categorical thinking, as opposed to acknowledgment of all sides of an issue |
| Tit-for-tat strategy | Negotiation tactic in which the individual responds to competitiveness with competitiveness and cooperation with cooperation |
| Dollar Game | the highest bidder wins a dollar, but the second highest bidder loses whatever they bid regardless - people actually end up bidding up to $20 dollars because, although bidding begins in the interest of winning, it ends in the interest of not losing |
| Perceptual dilemma | Combination of a social dilemma and an ingroup bias, in which each side in a conflict believes that it is best for both sides to be cooperative while simultaneous believing that the other side would need coercion |
| GRIT strategy | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction: strategy for breaking conflict spirals by publicly challenging the opponent to match de-escalations |
Created by:
bamkapowxo
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