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Basic Endocrine
Endocrine System for Swedish Massage
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the endocrine system is closely linked with what other | nervous system |
| what does the endocrine system do with the nervous system | maintains homeostasis by coordinating and directing the activity of cells and organs |
| in contrast to the nervous system, the endocrine system secretes hormones that initiate ______ reactions that last over a _______ period of time | slower longer |
| what are hormones responsible for | stimulating or inhibiting cell activity required to restore homeostasis |
| general functions of the endocrine system (6) | controlling -chemical composition and volume of blood and interstitial fluid -basal metabolic rate and energy reserve -circadian rhythm -smooth and cardiac muscle fiber contraction -glandular secretory activity -activity of the immune system |
| two types of glands | exocrine and endocrine |
| exocrine glands | release and propel secretory products to where they belong in the body or at it's surface via secretory ducts |
| endocrine glands | secrete their hormonal products into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells, and can be carried over large distances throughout the body, are richly vascularized, do not have secretory ducts |
| definition of the endocrine system | all organs and tissues in the body that are able to produce hormones |
| definition of hormones | chemical messengers that have the ability to travel in the body and interact with distant cells, some are neurotransmitters |
| definition of target cells | cells that have receptors to fit with a certain hormone, whose function is awakened by the hormone, one cell can be target for different hormones |
| what are hormone receptors | they are proteins, are continuously broken down and replaced, whose number on a cell vary according to the degree of stimulation and the cells needs |
| what happens to a target cells receptors in the presence of a large concentration of a hormone | the cell will reduce the number of receptors to prevent excessive stimulation |
| what happens to a target cells receptors in the presence of a diminished concentration of a hormone | the cell will increase the number of receptors to increase it's sensitivity to the hormone |
| three types of hormones based on distance travelled to reach target cells | endocrine paracrine autocrine |
| endocrine hormones | rely on the cardiovascular network to reach distant target cells by diffusing into blood capillaries |
| paracrine hormones | are released into interstitial fluid surrounding endocrine cells and spontaneously diffuse into nearby target cells |
| autocrine hormones | are released into interstitial fluid and act on themselves (on the same cell that secreted the hormone) |
| possible hormone chemical structures (3) | amino acids, polypeptides (proteins), lipids |
| the chemical structure of a hormone determines | the longevity and solubility of the molecule in the body |
| hydrosoluble hormones | can be dissolved in water, usually derived from amino acids and proteins, travel freely in the body, have a short life span (quickly intercepted and metabolized) |
| 2 examples of hydrosoluble hormones | insulin and calcitonin |
| liposoluble hormones | hormones that cannot be dissolved in water but in lipids (fats), mainly derived from cholesterol molecules, must bind to transporters to be carried by cardiovascular system, have an increased longevity (slow to metabolize) |
| hormones produced by ______ glands and by ______ organs are liposoluble | adrenal, reproductive |
| examples of liposoluble hormones | thyroid hormones, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
| determines the frequency and amplitude of hormonal burst/secretion | frequency and intensity of stimuli |
| factors stimulating hormone secretion (3) | hormonal, humoral, neuronal |
| hormonal factors | one hormone stimulating another's hormone production and secretion |
| example of hormonal stimulation | hormones secreted by the hypothalamus stimulate the secretion of other hormones by the anterior pituitary |
| humoral factors | changes in the chemical composition or physical characteristics of blood stimulating endocrine paracrine and autocrine cell response |
| examples of humoral factors | changes in blood sodium or glucose, blood pressure, body temperature |
| neuronal factors | nerve impulse stimulation of the endocrine functions of an organ (controlled by ANS) |
| esamples of neuronal factors | physical stress or strong emotion stimulating the sympathetic NS of the ANS to release adrenaline (via the adrenal medulla) |
| negative feedback mechanism | inverts the initial stimulus |
| positive feedback mechanism | amplifies the initial stimulus |
| hyposecretion | inability of hormone to be secreted in sufficient amounts to maintain normal function |
| hypersecretion | a hormone secreted in excessive amounts resulting in abnormal function |
| endocrine glands | organs of the endocrine system with the sole function to produce and secrete hormones |
| the five endocrine glands of the body | anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal |
| endocrine tissues | groups of hormone secreting cells belonging to an organ whose main function is not related to the endocrine system |
| examples of endocrine tissue organs (secondary function of hormone production) | kidneys hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, heart, skin, liver, stomach, intestines |
| hypothalamus | located in diencephalon, important regulatory center in the nervous system housing endocrine tissues producing 9 hormones with actions on anterior and posterior pituitary glands, is the main link between the nervous and endocrine systems |
| functions of the hypothalamus | integration of nearly all incoming sensory info, control of ANS activity, regulation of temperature, blood composition, thirst, hunger, sexual behaviour, and defensive reactions, stimulates or inhibits the hormonal activity of the anterior pituitary gland |
| two hormones/neurotransmitters produced by hypothalamus and secreted by posterior pituitary | oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| function of posterior pituitary gland | storage and secretion of oxytocin (OT) and anitiuretic (ADH) (does not synthesize and hormones) |
| oxytocin (OT) | hormone produced by hypothlamus and secreted by posterior pituitary, acting on smooth muscle cells in uterus and mammary ducts |
| antidiuretic (ADH) | hormone produced by hypothlamus and secreted by posterior pituitary, with action on the kidneys, sweat glands, arterioles, responsible for stimulating water and sodium retention, secerted in response to low blood pressure and dehydration |
| anterior pituitary gland | endocrine gland regulated by hypothalamus, produces and secretes hormones regulating a wide range of functions: growth, reproduction |
| hormones produced and secreted by anterior pituitary gland | growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormones (T3 T4), adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), luteinizing (LH), follicle stimulating hormone FSH, prolactin (PRL) |
| growth hormone (GH) | acts on bones, muscles, cartillage and other organs, stimulates metabolic rate, growth and development |
| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | action of thyroid gland, stimulates production and secretion of T3 and T4 |
| adrenocotrophic hormone (ACTH) | acts on middle zone of adrenal cortex |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | acts on the gonads (reproductive organs) |
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | acts on reproductive organs (menstral cycle, sperm cells) |
| prolactin (PRL) | acts on mammary glands |
| thyroid gland | located in the neck, synthesizes and secretes 2 families of hormones (thyroid hormones and calcitonin), regulates energy levels (consumes fats and muscle) |
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