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AP Psych midterm rev
midterm review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | the scientific study of thought and behavior. Psychologists study how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, and actions, and how internal and externernal environments affect them. |
| Biological | focuses on the relationship between the body and mind |
| Behavioral | Concerned mainly with a person's observable responses to stimuli |
| Cognitive | Concerned with memory, perception, though, and other mental processes |
| Humanistic | Focuses on a person's capacity for self-fulfillment and growth |
| Psychodynamic | concerned with the influence of unconscious desire and motives |
| hypotheses | testable explanations of obeserved events (studies test hypotheses) |
| Studies must have ______ and ______. | reliability and validity |
| Reliability | the study produces consistent results when replicated |
| Validity | the study accurately measures what it claims to measure. Three types of validity- (Construct, Internal, External) |
| Construct (Validity) | The study measures the effect that it is trying to measure |
| Internal (Validity) | The study shows that only the experimental factor caused an effect |
| External (Validity) | The study results apply to other situations |
| Correlational study | Expresses the relationship between two variables; does not imply causation |
| Experiment | Manipulation of an independent variable in order to understand its effect on a dependent variable. Identifies cause- and- effect relationships. |
| Sampling | The process of choosing subjects to study |
| Sample (Sampling) | a group of subjects selected for study; a subset of a population |
| Populations (Sampling) | A group of people about whom the researcher wants to make conclusions. A sample should be representative of the population. |
| Random assignment | Random placement of subjects into experimental or control groups |
| Control group | a group not subject to experimental manipulation |
| Variables | Things that can vary among subjects |
| Independent variable | Manipulated by researcher; produces a change in dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | measured by the researcher |
| Counfounding variable | Any possible variable (other than the independent variable) that may cause the observed effect |
| Statistical analysis | describes data and quantifies relationships between variables |
| Frequency distribution | an arrangement of data points based on how frequently they occur |
| Normal distribution | A frequency distribution with a symmetrical bell- shaped curve |
| Central tendency | measures of the center of the frequency distribution. There are three types |
| Mean | the arithmetic average of data points |
| Median | The middle data point |
| Mode | the most frequent data point |
| Variability | How the data are dispersed or spread around the mean |
| Range | The distance between the highest and lowest data points |
| Standard Deviation (SD) | The average distance of a data point from the mean. A small SD means the scores are relatively close to the mean score; a large SD means the scores have a wider range around the mean. |
| Statistical significance | mean that the differences observed are too big to have occurred by chance |
| Type 1 error | false negative; fails to perceive an effect that is there |
| Type 2 error | false positive; perceives an effect that is not there |
| Nervous system | receives and transmits information |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is split into right and left hemispheres, which exhibit contralateral control (each hemisphere controls opposite side of body) and lateralization (left and right hemispheres have different functions.) |
| Hindbrain | top part of the spinal cord; includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
| Medulla | controls basic biological functions, such as breathing, swallowing, and balance. |
| pons | controls facial expressions, sleep, and dreaming |
| cerebellum | controls fine motor movements |
| Mid brain | Coordinates basic movements with sensory information |
| MEMORIZE | Interior of the brain |
| Forebrain |
Created by:
arianasansone
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