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Psychology- chapter4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synesthesia | A condition in which stimuli are experienced not only in the normal sensory modality but in others as well. |
| Sensation | The process by which stimuli are detected, transduced into nerve impulses, and sent to the brain |
| Perception | The process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning |
| Psychophysics | The study of relations between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences they evoke |
| Absolute Threshold | The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time |
| Decision Criterion | The potentially changing standard of how certain a person must be that a stimulus is present in order to report its presence |
| Signal Detection Theory | A theory that assumes that stimulus detection is not based on a fixed absolute threshold but rather is affected by rewards, punishments, expectations, and motivational factors |
| Subliminal Stimulus | Weak stimuli below the perceptual threshold that are not consciously perceived |
| Difference Threshold | The smallest difference between two similar stimuli that people can detect |
| Weber's Law | States that to perceive a difference between two stimuli, the stimuli must differ by a constant percentage or ratio |
| Sensory Adaptation | Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus with the passage of time as sensory neurons habituate to the stimulation |
| Transduction | The conversion of one form of energy into another |
| Lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes its shape to focus images on the retina |
| Retina | The light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that contains the visual receptors |
| Rods | Photoreceptors in the retina that function under low levels of illumination and do not give rise to color sensations |
| Cones | Photoreceptors in the retina that function best in bright light and are differentially sensitive to red, green, or blue wavelengths |
| Fovea | A small area in the center of the retina the contains only cones and where visual acuity is greatest |
| Optic Nerve | The bundle of ganglion cell axons that carries information from the visual receptors to the visual area of the thalamus |
| Visual Acuity | The ability to see fine detail |
| Dark Adaptation | The progressive increase in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time as photopigments regenerate themselves during exposure to low levels of illumination |
| Young-Helmholtz Trichomatic Theory | |
| Opponent-Process Theory | |
| Dual-Process Theory | Modern theory of color vision that combines the trichromatic and opponent-process theories |
| Feature Detectors | Sensory neurons that respond to particular features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or color |
| Frequency | The number of cycles per second in a sound wave that is responsible for the pitch of the sound |
| Hertz | The measure of sound wave frequency as cycles per second |
| Amplitude | The vertical size of the sound wave, which gives rise to the perception of loudness and is measured in terms of decibels |
| Cochlea | A small coil-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the receptors for sound |
| Basilar Membrane | A membrane that runs the length of the cochlea and contains the organ of corti and its sound receptor hair cells |
| Organ of Corti | Structures embedded in the basilar membrane that contain the hair cell receptors for sound |
| Frequency Theory of Pitch Perception | |
| Place Theory of Pitch Perception | States that sound frequencies are coded in terms of the portion of the basilar membrane where the fluid wave in the cochlea peaks |
| Conduction Deafness | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Nerve Deafness | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptor cells or to the auditory nerve |
| Gustation | The sense of taste |
| Olfaction | The sense of smell |
| Taste Buds | Chemical receptors for taste in the tongue and in the roof and back of the mouth that are sensitive to the qualities of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter |
| Olfactory Bulb | A forebrain structure that receives input from the receptors for the sense of smell |
| Pheromones | Chemical signals found in natural body scents |
| Menstrual Synchrony | The tendency for some women who live together or are close friends to become more similar to one another in the timing of their menstrual cycles over time |
| Kinesthesis | The body sense that provides feed back on the position and movements of our body parts |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense of body orientation or equilibrium |
Created by:
Akile6
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