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Cliffs AP Bio-5
heredity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| multiplication rule | to determine the probability of 2 or more independent events occurring together, multiply the probabilities of each event happening separately |
| gene | genetic material on a chromosome that contains the instructions for creating a particular trait |
| allele | several varieties of a gene |
| locus | location on a chromosome where a gene is located |
| homologous chromosomes | each parent contributes a chromosome to the pair, they may contain different alleles |
| dominant | gene that is being expressed |
| recessive | gene that is not expressed |
| phenotype | physical expression of a gene |
| genotype | represents the actual alleles |
| law of segregation | one member of each chromosome pair migrates to an opposite pole so that each gamete contains only one copy of each chromosome |
| law of independent assortment | the migration of homologues in one homologous chromosome to opposite poles does not affect the migration of homologues of other homologous pairs |
| monohybrid cross | one trait is being investigated |
| dihybrid cross | two traits are being investigated |
| complete dominance | dominant allele is expressed over recessive allele |
| incomplete dominance | the combined expression of 2 different alleles produces a blending of the individual expressions of the two alleles ex. wavy hair |
| codominance | both inherited alleles are completely expressed |
| multiple alleles | ex. A, B, and O blood types |
| epistasis | one gene affects the phenotypic expression of a second gene ex. one gene turns on (or off) the production of a pigment, while a second gene controls either the amount of pigment produced or the color of the pigment |
| pleiotropy | single gene has more than one phenotypic expression ex. sickle-cell disease, gene incorrectly codes for hemoblobin, causing the RBC to change shape and can cause death |
| polygenic inheritance | many genes shape a single phenotype ex. height |
| linked genes | genes that reside on the same chromosome and cannot segregate independently because they are physically connected |
| the greater the distance between 2 genes... | the more likely the two genes will cross over during synapsis |
| sex linked genes | genes that reside on the X chromosome |
| example of sex linked gene | hemophilia--> cannot properly clot blood |
| x inactivation | in females, one X becomes a barr body, so only the alleles on the active X chromosome are expressed |
| nondisjunction | failure of one or more chromosome pair/chromotids to properly separate during meiosis or mitosis |
| polyploidy | all of the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes; mostly happens in plants |
| point mutations | when a single nucleotide in the DNA of a gene is incorrect |
| substitution | different nucleotide is substituted for the correct one |
| deletion | nucleotide base-pair is omitted |
| insertion | extra base-pair is inserted |
| aneuploidy | genome with extra or missing chromosome, often caused by nondisjunction |
| down syndrome | trisomy 21 |
| turner syndrome | nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes, sperm will either have both sex chromosomes (XY) or none (O) |
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