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CTOWN Lecture 11
Developmental Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does 'development' refer to? | sequence of age related changes from conception to death |
| What is the prenatal period? | from conception to birth; rapid development early stages but tapers off before birth |
| What is a Zygote? | III. Single cell organism formed by union of sperm & ovum IV. Contains genetic information – for body to develop |
| What are the THREE stages of Prenatal Development? | I. Germinal stage (first 2 weeks following conception) II. Embryonic stage (2 weeks – end 2nd month) III. Fetal stage (two months – birth) |
| What environmental factors affect prenatal development? | maternal nutrition, maternal illness, prenatal health care, maternal drug use |
| What is motor development? | Progression and muscular coordination needed for physical activities |
| What is Cephalocaudal trend? | II. Control of upper body regions before lower body regions III. E.g., infants crawl with arms before using legs |
| What is Proximodistal trend? | I. Motor development proceeds in centre-outward direction II. Control over torso before extremities III. E.g., reach for items by twisting body; then extend arms |
| What is Temperament? | Characteristic mood, activity level and emotional reactivity |
| How can Temperament be investigated? | I. Longitudinal design o A– sensitive at detecting development o D – costly, time-consuming, attrition II. Cross-sectional design o Advantages – quick, inexpensive, no attrition effects o Disadvantages – less sensitive at detecting development |
| What is Attachment? | Emotional bonds of affection between infants and caregivers Initial attachments to mother not instantaneous BUT at 6-8 months separation anxiety – emotional distress |
| Explain Secure attachment. | i. Explore room, toys with mother present (secure base) ii. Become visibly upset when she leaves iii. Quickly calm when she returns |
| Explain Anxious-Ambivalent attachment. | i. Anxious in mother’s presence ii. Visibly upset when she leaves iii. Do not calm upon her return |
| Explain Anxious-Avoidant attachment. | i. Explore room, toys with mother present ii. Not distressed when she leaves iii. Following separation actively avoids mother |
| What are Freud's and Ericksen's views on personality development? | Freud - personality developed by age 5 Enricksen - childhood does shape personality, but personality continues to evolve |
| What is the Stage Theory? | 1. Individuals progress through specific stages in set order because each new stage builds on previous stage 2. Progress through stages related to age 3. Development marked by discontinuities that usher in transitions in behaviour |
| Explain Trust vs. Mistrust | I. Infants whose basic needs (e.g., food, warmth) are met by caregiver develop a sense of trust in others |
| Explain Autonomy vs. shame & doubt | II. The toddler tries to learn independence (e.g., feeding, toilet training) and self-confidence – if successful then children acquire sense of autonomy |
| Explain Initiative vs. guilt | III. The child learns to initiate his or her own activities; conflicts with parents begins IV. Over-controlling parents may instil feelings of guilt; low self-esteem may result |
| Explain Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority | V. The child tries to develop physical, cognitive & social skills VI. Those who succeed, value achievement and develop a sense of competence |
| What is Cognitive Development? | Transitions in patterns of thinking, reasoning, memory and problem solving |
| Children progress in thinking through complementary process of... | o Assimilation – interpretation of new experiences in terms of existing mental structures (e.g., all round objects [balls, apples, tomatoes] are balls) o Accommodation – changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences (e.g. balls are balls |
| What are the FOUR proposed stages of children's cognitive development? (1) | 1. Sensorimotor period (birth – 2 years) o Major cognitive tasks include sensory activities (e.g., seeing; hearing) & motor activities (e.g., kicking legs; sucking thumb; reaching) |
| What are the FOUR proposed stages of children's cognitive development? (2) | 2. Preoperational period (2 – 7 years) o Development of language – can represent thought using symbols & words o Limitations of preoperational thought I. Conservation II. Centration III. Irreversibility IV. Egocentrism V. Animism |
| What are the FOUR proposed stages of children's cognitive development? (3) | 3. Concrete operational period (7 – 11 years) o Can perform operations on tangible objects & events o Can master centration, reversibility, conservation o Develop new problem solving abilities |
| What are the FOUR proposed stages of children's cognitive development? (4) | 4. Formal operational period (11 years – onwards) o Develop systematic problem solving abilities (earlier stages associated with trial-and-error approaches) o Can apply mental operations to abstract concepts |
| What were the limitations of Piaget's Theory? | I. Did not pay much attention to individual differences II. Uniform progression through stages at same ages, BUT… o Sequence of stages seems invariant o Large cultural differences in ages for each stage |
| What is Preconventional Morality? | decisions based on rules made by others, eg. Heinz shouldn't steal drug because he might be sent to jail as a result |
| What is Conventional Morality? | based on internalised standards derived from interactions with others eg. Heinz should steal the drug because his wife will admire him |
| What is Postconventional Morality? | based on own abstract principles about right and wrong eg. Heinz should not steal the drug, it's bad for society if people steal every time they get desperate |
| What are the strengths of Kohlberg's Theory? | o Progress in moral reasoning tied to cognitive development o Evidence for proscribed order |
| What are the limitations of Kohlberg's Theory? | o Some individuals fit into more than adjacent category o Most evidence on how Heinz dilemma resolved; little emphasis on real-world applications o Cultural differences |
| What is identity diffusion? | VI. Refusal to confront challenges of life (no identity crisis) VII. Lack of direction related to social & psychological problems (e.g., depression) |
| What is identify foreclosure? | I. Some commitment to vision, values & goals II. But…typically adopt those of parents or society |
| What is identity moratorium? | I. Delayed commitment; experiment with various ideologies II. Associated with self-doubt and/or confusion |
| What is identity achievement? | I. Sense of self & direction after experimentation with alternative possibilities II. Commitment to self is strong but can change III. Associated with positive outcomes (e.g., high self-esteem) |
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