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Technical 'GK' Terms
Prep for 2nd Year
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolute | A construction detached grammatically from the main clause of its sentence but modifying the main clause. |
| Adjectival | Functioning like an adjective or similar modifier, i.e. to modify a noun or other substantive. |
| Adverbial | Functioning like an adverb or similar modifier, i.e. to modify a verb. For example, the adverbial use of the participle, when a participle is dependent upon and modifies a main verb. |
| Agent | The individual or thing responsible for performing an action. With an active voice verb, the agent is usually the grammatical subject of the verb. In English, with a passive voice verb the agent is often the one referred to with the word 'by'. |
| Anarthrous | Without the article. |
| Apodosis | The 'then' or consequence clause of a conditional construction, or the independent clause in a sentence which has a conditional-like clause. |
| Apposition | A semantic relationship whereby one item defines another. Distinguished from epexegetical by expressing a relationship for nouns. |
| Arthrous | With the article. |
| Articular | With the article. |
| Aspect (verbal) | A semantic category which governs verb tense-form usage in Greek. A language user chooses to view an action as occurring in a particular way and then selects one of the established verb tense-forms of Greek to convey that meaning. |
| Asyndeton | A construction in which clauses are joined without the use of connecting particles or conjunctions. |
| Attributive | Refers to a syntactical structure whereby a quality or attribute is considered part of what another item is by nature. This is normally reflected syntactically by the attribute falling within the range of the substantive and its article. |
| Auxiliary (verb) | A verb such as eimi which helps another verb, such as a participle, to form a complete verbal unit. Auxiliary verbs are necessary in periphrastic verbal constructions. |
| Case | The use of different forms of a given substantive to show its relations with other words and its roles in basic sentence structure. Greek has nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive and dative cases. |
| Clause | A complete grammatical construction consisting of one or more phrases. |
| Complement | The element which completes a predicate. The complement is often equated with the object of a verb. |
| Completive | Any element which can complete another element. E.g. an object is the completive of a verb; objects of prepositions are completives. |
| Conjugation | The display of forms of a verb. |
| Conjunction | A word that joins other words or clauses, either a 'coordinating conjunction' (and, but, or) or a 'subordinating conjunction' (while, since, as, if, although). |
| Consequential | Describing an action that comes about as a consequence of another, or as an expected result. |
| Constative | A label given to particular verbs or uses of verb tenses (often the aorist) which are said to treat a given action in its entirety or as a whole, from start to finish. |
| Declension | Pattern of various forms of a given substantive indicating gender, number and case. |
| Definite Article | A word modifying a substantive and defining it as particular or unique, 'the'. |
| Deliberative | Referring to thought, consideration or intention. |
| Demonstrative | Words such as 'this, that, these, those'. They are used to point out or indicate particular persons or things being referred to. |
| Enclitic | Descriptive of a small group of words that rely upon the preceding word for their accent. Among enclitic words are the indefinite pronoun, forms of the verb eimi and various particles. |
| Epexegetic | A semantic relationship whereby one item (a word, phrase or even clause) defines another. |
| Finite Verb | Has a subject. |
| Gnomic | Term characterising an event as continuous or recurring over the course of time; normally refers to processes of nature. |
| Hortatory | Characterised by language designed to direct, incite or encourage. |
| Imperfective | A verbal aspect used to describe an action as in progress; expressed by the present and imperfect tenses in Greek. |
| Inceptive | Expressing the beginning of an action. |
| Inferential | Pointing to a logical conclusion to be drawn from another action. |
| Infinitive | embodies the verbal idea in the form of a noun; a verbal noun |
| Inflection | the sets of endings which languages such as Greek attach to their words to distinguish various semantic and syntactical categories and relations |
| Ingressive | expressing the beginning of an action |
| Instrumental | expressing or indicating the means or agent by which an action is accomplished |
| Intransitive | refers to verbs which make complete sense without requiring an object or complement |
| Iterative | expressing repetition of an action |
| Modal | related to mood |
| Mood | the label given to the forms used to indicate the speaker's view of an action's relation to reality - indicative, subjunctive, imperative, optative |
| Number | the distinction in both substantives and verbs between singular and plural |
| Paradigm | a model or pattern, often used to refer to the list of inflected forms of a given morphological category such as a verb or substantive |
| Participle | embodies the verbal idea in the form of an adjective; a verbal adjective |
| Particle | an indeclinable word with grammatical and relational meaning. Prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs |
| Partitive | describing the function of a word or phrase which refers to a part of a larger whole. 'some of the people' uses 'some' partitively |
| Perfective | a verbal aspect used to describe an action as whole or complete; expressed by the aorist verb tense in Greek |
| Periphrastic | (1) describing a verbal construction consisting of the auxiliary verb eimi in its various forms and a participle in appropriate grammatical relation. (2) describing any means by which one statement may be used as a substitute for another |
| Person | a quality of verbs which indicates that the subject is the speaker (1st p), the person spoken to (2nd p) or another person or thing spoken about (3rd p). |
| Phrase | a group of words forming a syntactical unit which may constitute a subject, predicate, complement, and the like. A phrase may consist of only one word. |
| Postpositive | not occurring in first position in a sentence or phrase. |
| Predicate | (1) a structure whereby a quality or attribute is given to another item (2) the functional name for the verbal part of a clause, consisting of a verb phrase |
| Preposition | a word belonging to a group of particles often used to aid the cases in their function by joining a noun phrase to other words in a clause. |
| Proleptic | referring or looking to the future |
| Protasis | the 'if' or supposition clause of a conditional ('if-then') construction, or the dependent clause in a sentence which has conditional-like clause. |
| Punctiliar | expressing momentary or point-like action. |
| Purpose | the intention behind or reason for another action. Purpose often overlaps with result, because to intend an action can mean that something comes about as a result. |
| Relative Pronoun | a pronoun serving to link a subordinate clause to a substantive (implied or expressed). 'The person WHO wrote this...' |
| Result | the results or consequences of another action. Result often overlaps with purpose, becase to bring about a result can mean that an action was intended. |
| Sentence | a syntactical unit consisting of one or more clauses, at least one of them an independent clause. |
| Subordination | the grammatical means by which dependent relations especially between clauses are indicated. |
| Substantive | a term given to any word which may be used like a noun. For example, in Greek, participles, infinitives and especially adjectives, besides nouns, are often used as substantives. |
| Syntax | a grammatical category concerned with the order of words, phrases and other elements, and the meaning relationships they enter into. |
| Telic | describing the intention behind or reason for another action. |
| Transitive | transitive verbs require direct objects to make complete sense. |
| Voice | a semantic category used to describe the relation of the agent to its action. Voice indicates whehter the subject is acting or being acted upon. Active, Middle, Passive |
| Volitive | describes a wish; a volitive is a mild form of command. |
Created by:
danbyrne
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