| Term | Definition |
| biological engineering | an advanced form of biotechnology; techniques involve gene splicing, replication, and transfer of genes to other organisms |
| ovulation | the release of the egg from the ovary |
| gamete | the sex cell; either an egg or a sperm |
| laboratory accident | an accident occurring in a laboratory environment |
| protein | an organic compound made up of amino acids and containing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| zoonos | a disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions; also is know as zoonotic disease |
| nutrient | a chemical element or compound that aids in the support of life |
| casein | a phosphoprotein that is one of the main components of milk and the basis of cheese |
| animal restraint | holding or confining animals so that management practices may be applied |
| procedure | a detailed and complete description of how the experiment is or was conducted |
| oxytocin | a hormone that causes contractions of the uterus during breeding and parturition and causes milk letdown |
| lactation | the period of milk secretion |
| microbes | minute plant and animal life; some cause disease; others are beneficial |
| data | factual information; information in numerical form |
| whey | the watery liquid that is separated from the curd after milk coagulation |
| gestation | the time during which the animal is pregnant |
| inbreeding | the mating of closely related animals |
| oral | taken by mouth |
| curd | an acid buildup created by bacteria, consisting mostly of casein and obtained from soured milk through coagulation |
| intradermal | injections placed in the skin tissue |
| nonfat solids | the parts of a substance, no including the fat, that help it keep its form |
| gene | a unit of inheritance that is composed of DNA |
| anaerobic bacteria | organisms that grow without the presence of oxygen |
| independent variable | the variable in an experiment that is manipulated |
| dependent variable | the variable that is measured to determine the effects of the independent variable |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| mold | fungi distinguished by the formation of a network of filaments or thread or by spore masses |
| recessive | an allele that is not expressed phenotypically when present in the heterozygous condition |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; forms the basic material in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus |
| cheese | a food product made from the solids in milk |
| yogurt | a semisolid, fermented milk product |
| E. coli | bacteria that are commonly used to deliver new or altered genetic material in an organism; normally inhabit human colon |
| phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| heterozygous | having different alleles for a single trait, and, therefore, producing two or more different kinds of gametes |
| super ovulation | the stimulation of more than the usual number of ovulations during a single estrous cycle due to the injection of certain hormones |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; allele composition |
| pasteurization | the process of heat-treating milk to kill microbes |
| paraffin | a thin layer of waxy material that helps seal the surface of a fruit to prevent damage to the skin |
| irradiation | the process of treating of a food or feed with ultraviolet light to increase the Vitamin D content |
| mineral | an inorganic substance needed in small amount for proper nutrition |
| progesterone | a hormone produced by the ovaries that maintains pregnancy in the animal |
| regurgitation | to return undigested food from the stomach to the mouth as with ruminants |
| follicle | a small blister-like development on the surface of the ovary that contains the developing ovum |
| abstract | a summary or short version of a piece of writing |
| estrous cycle | the time between periods of estrus |
| nonruminant | an animal that has a simple, one-compartment stomach |
| background | information that reveals key knowledge about an item or theory that can be used to support ideas or give guidance for further investigation |
| infectious disease | a disease that is contagious; a disease that is transmitted from one animal to another |
| personal safety | promoting the protection of individuals from injury |
| dominant | relating to one of a pair of allelic hereditary factors that dominates the other and appears in the organism |
| follicle stimulating hormone | a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that promotes growth of ovarian follicles in the female and sperm in the male |
| zoology | the branch of biology that deals with animal life |
| salting | a method of preserving food that uses salt to prevent the growth of microbes |
| particle gun | a device used to insert new genetic material into an organism |
| experiment | a set of procedures used to gather information |
| canning | placing food in a container and heating it to kill all microorganisms |
| control group | in a scientific experiment, a group of animals, plants, etc., that do not receive the treatment under study |
| biological science | the study of living organisms |
| allele | matching genes on homologous chromosomes |
| isolation | confining an animal away from other animals to prevent breeding or spread of disease |
| colostrum | the milk produced the first few days after parturition |
| cud | in ruminants, a ball-like mass of feed that is brought up from the stomach to be re-chewed |
| stress | a strain, or straining condition, that may be physical, chemical, or psychological and cannot be adjusted to satisfactorily |
| perishable | any product that is easily or quickly destroyed or made unusable or unsafe |
| noninfectious disease | a disease that cannot be transmitted from one animal to another |
| pathogen | a living, microscopic, disease-producing agent, such as a bacterium or a virus |
| hormone | an organic material given off by a body gland that helps to regulate body functions |
| aerobic bacteria | organisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen |
| sanitation | the development and practical application of measures designed to maintain or restore healthful conditions |
| ruminant | an animal that has a stomach divided into several compartments |
| conclusion | specific statements about the relationships between variables |
| fermentation | the processing of food by the use of selected yeasts, molds, or bacteria |
| passive immunity | immunity that is temporary |
| estrogen | a hormone produced by the ovaries |
| putrefaction | decomposition of animal or plant matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen |
| bibliography | a list of references presented in a manner that the sources can be found again for verification or further studies |
| estrus | the time during which the female will accept the male for copulation; also referred to as being “in heat” |
| somatic cell count | a laboratory test that indicates the presence and severity of mastitis |
| corpus luteum | a reddish-yellow mass that forms in a ruptured follicle in the ovary of mammals; the hormone progesterone is released by the corpus luteum |
| manipulation | management of the independent variable in an experiment |
| recommendation | a suggestion on how results should be used or for further experimentation |
| genetics | the study of heredity in plants and animals |
| anthelmintic | a chemical compound used for treating internal worms in animals |
| recommendation | suggestions on how results should be used; suggestions for further experimentation |
| bacteria | one-celled microorganisms; many species |
| treatment | the manipulation of an independent variable |
| topical | medicine that is applied to the surface of the skin |
| curing | adding substances to food to prevent spoilage; salting, smoking, pickling, etc. |
| parturition | the act of giving birth |
| replication | exact duplication of an experiment |
| embryo transfer | moving an embryo from one female animal to another of the same species |
| subcutaneous | an injection placed just under the skin but above muscle tissue |
| procedure | method of carrying out an experiment so it can be replicated again by other individuals |
| safety | preventing loss or injury |
| vaccine | a substance that contains live, modified, or dead organisms or their products that is injected into an animal in an attempt to protect the host from disease caused by that particular organism |
| yeast | a yellowish substance composed of microscopic, unicellular fungi that induces fermentation in juice, dough, and other materials |
| research | investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts |
| mastitis | an inflammation of the mammary gland that is usually associated with infection |
| chromosome | that part of a cell that contains information about genetic makeup and transmits that information to offspring |
| copulation | the mating of a male and female |
| pickling | a process of food preservation that uses a solution, such as vinegar, that is too acidic for microbes to grow |
| coliform bacteria | a group of bacteria that usually inhabits the intestines of animals and lives in manure and on wood |
| refrigeration | artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria |
| monogastric | refers to an animal that only has one stomach or stomach compartment |
| hybridization | the production of hybrids by natural crossing or by manipulated crossing |
| raw milk | untreated milk as it comes from the cow; fresh milk |
| active immunity | the type of immunity in an animal that is permanent |
| virus | a self-reproducing agent that is considerably smaller than a bacterium and can multiple only within the living cells of a suitable host |
| testosterone | a male hormone that controls the traits of the male animal |
| intramuscular | injections placed in the muscle tissue |
| vitamin | an organic compound needed in small amounts for nutrition |
| animal science | the science of animals; applied zoology |
| hypothesis | a tentatively accepted theory that explains the relationship between two variables |
| intrarumenally | injections placed in the rumen |
| findings | actual data generated from an experiment |
| protozoa | a one-celled animal |
| zygote | a cell formed by the union of two gametes |
| finishing | the increased feeding of an animal just prior to butchering that results in rapid gains and increased carcass quality |
| hypothesis | a tentatively accepted theory that explains the relationship between two variables |
| intravenous | injections placed in the vein |
| lipids | fats and oils made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| antibiotic | a chemical agent that prevents the growth of a germ or bacteria |
| conclusion | a specific statement about the relationship between variables |
| maintenance ration | the amount of feed needed to support an animal when it is not doing work, yielding no product, and gaining no weight |
| intramammary | injections placed in the mammary glands |
| dehydration | the removal of 95 percent or more of the water from any substance by exposure to high temperature |
| rumination | the process of digestion in cattle whereby food is swallowed to the first stomach (the rumen) and then regurgitated into the mouth and chewed over again to be swallowed for further processing by the second, third, and fourth stomachs |
| finding | actual data generated from an experiment |
| selective breeding | the breeding of selected animals chosen because of certain desirable qualities or fitness |
| ration | the total amount of feed that an animal is allowed during a 24-hour period |
| occupational safety | promoting safety in the workplace |
| disinfectant | a chemical that destroys microbes by breaking down cell proteins |
| gene splicing | the process of adding new genetic material within the DNA sequence of an organism |
| salmonella | a large group of bacteria, some of which cause food poisoning |
| antimicrobial | a substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms |
| California Mastitis Test (CMT) | a field test that estimates the extent of mastitis infection |
| rennet | a coagulating extract containing the enzyme rennin; used to curdle milk, as when making cheese |
| biotechnology | the management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity |
| homozygous | having identical alleles at one or more loci, and, therefore, producing identical gametes |
| penicillium | any of a genus of imperfect fungi growing as green mold on stale bread, ripening cheese, or decaying fruit |
