| Question | Answer |
| Hypotonic | Below normal tone of tension |
| Hypertonic | Excessive, above normal, tone or tension |
| Isontonic | Having uniform tension; of the same tone |
| Simple Diffusion | The unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane. Concentration gradient |
| Exocytosis | The transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane. Requires ATP to get secretion out. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution to am ore concentrated one. Uses a concentration gradient (water) |
| Filtration | The passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter. Pressure gradient. |
| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of solid particles by cells. Requires ATP for large particles. |
| Solute Pumping Cell | Require protein carriers that combine reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane and use ATP to energize its protein carriers. Requires ATP against gradient |
| Cell | The basic biological unit of a living organism containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane |
| Centrioles | Minute bodies found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division |
| Chromatin | The structures in the nucleus that carry hereditary factors (genes) |
| Chromosomes | Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin, visible during cell division |
| Cillia | Tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner |
| Cytoplasm | The substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus |
| Cytoskeleton | Acts as the cell's bones and muscles to help give the cell it's shape and structure |
| Cytosol | Water soluble components of the cell cytoplasm |
| DNA | Nucleic acid found in all living cells; carries the organism's hereditary information |
| Flagella | Long, whiplike extensions of the cell membrane of some bacteria and sperm. Serve to propel the cell. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Layers of flattened sacs that is active in the modification and transport of proteins |
| Inclusion | A body suspended in the cytoplasm, a granule |
| Interstitial fluid | The fluid between cells |
| Lysosomes | Organelles that originate from the Golgi Apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption |
| Mitochondria | The rod-like cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities |
| Nuclear Membrane | The double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell |
| Nucleoli | Small spherical bodies in the cell nucleus; function in ribosome synthesis |
| Nucleoplasm | The plasm within the nucleus of the cell |
| Nucleus | A dense central body in most cells containing the genetic material of the cell |
| Organelles | Specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions |
| Peroxisomes | A cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other oxidative enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions, as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. |
| Plasma (cell) membrane | Membrane that encloses the cell contents; outer limiting membrane |
| Ribosomes | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized |
| Rough ER | Studded with ribosomes, transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacs |
| Smooth ER | Contains enzymes and digests fats and membrane proteins. The vacuole(s) fill with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell |
| DNA to DNA | A-T, T-A, G-C, C-G |
| DNA to mRNA | A-U, C-G, T-A, G-C |
| Interstitial fluid vs. Intracellular fluid | Interstitial fluid is outside of the cell while Intracellular fluid is found inside of the cell (cytosol) |
| Functions of Components of Cytoplasm | Cytosol: The liquid of cytoplasm surrounding the organelles in a cell where a variety of cell processes take place. Organelles: Specialized parts of cell different specific functions. Inclusions: A body suspended in cytoplasm, a granule |
| Types of RNA and functions | mRNA: Single stranded, directions protein. rRNA: Proteins will be made. Transfer RNA: Bring correct amino acid |
| Diffusion vs. Osmosis | Diffusion is transferring substances from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of materials through water. |
| Protein synthesis | Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, and Telophase |
| Prophase | When the chromatin threads coil and shorten and chromosomes appear. The centrioles separate and move toward opposite sides of the cell forming the mitotic spindle. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the center of the spindle midway between the centrioles so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen |
| Anaphase | Centromeres split, chromosomes move apart toward opposite ends of the cell. |
| Telophase | Prophase in reverse: Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin again, spindle breaks down and disappears, nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli appear in each daughter nuclei |
| Mitosis | Interphase -> Early Prophase -> Late Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase and cytokinesis |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm |
| Complimentary base pairing (DNA and RNA) | Replication -> DNA-DNA
Transcription -> DNA-mRNA
Translation -> RNA-Amino Acid-Protein |
