| Question | Answer |
| Factors necessary for the formation of erythrocytes: | erythropoiesis (the process of RBC production) depends on healthy conditions of the bone marrow, diets in iron and copper, amino acids and vitamins esp. B12. |
| lymphedema | primary or secondary disorder characterized by the accumulation of lymph in the soft tissue and edema. |
| chronic Lukemia | chronic Myeloginus is cancer of the bone marrow with deformed white blood cells. |
| immunotherapy | a special tx of allergic responses that admin increasing larger doses to the offending substance to gradually develop immunity. alergy shots is ex. |
| Who gets secondary Polycythemia | People w/ COPD, and people in high altitudes. People who train in high altitudes for sports of endurance or engage in the illegal practice of transfusions to induce it. It also occurs more in middle aged jewish men. |
| Peripheral Smear: | permits exam of the size, shape and structure of RBC'S, and platelets. Useful in differentiation various forms of anemai and blood dyscarcias. |
| The average life expentcy iof a RBC is? | 120 days |
| hypersensitivity | an abnormal condition characterized by and excessive reaction to a particular stimulus |
| Nursing interventions for thrombocytopenia: | keep pt free from trauma, be careful with nail files and razors, monitor labs, platelet transfusions, make sure people understand the pt is at risk for a bleed, use soft toothbrushes, monitor loc, give laxatives to prevent constipation and straining. |
| attenuated | the process of weakening the degree of virulence of a disease or organism. |
| What does it mean when you hear the term "A shift to the left"? | it means that the immune system is stressed and immature or banded WBC's are in the fight. |
| exposure amount | the greater the amt of the allergen, the individual is exposed to the greater the chance of severe reaction. |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: | is spread by drooplets. it can set you up for diseases later in life. |
| repeated exposure: | the more the individual is exposed, the greater the response is. |
| Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): | A clotting disorder caused by heparin use. It is autoimmune: an alergy response. there is thrombocytopenia of 50% below the baseline, and people can chave thrombus, leg pain and clots. usually develoops 4-14 days after start of heparin. tx:STOP HEPARIN |
| purpura | abnormal redness with a purple kind of coloring to it. can be alone or with edema. |
| hemophilia A | hereditary coagualtion ddisorder caused by a lack of antihemophiliac factor VII, which is needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin through thromboplasm component. |
| puss is made of | foreign bodies, dead neutrophils and the crap they ate |
| erythrocytes | give bood its color. Carries o2 to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs. Produced in the red bone marrow. |
| Polycythemia | Is an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes and the concentration of hbg in the blood. there is primary and secondary. |
| leukopenia | an abnormal decrease in the # of WBC to fewer than 5000/mm3 due to the depression of the bone marrow. |
| Reticulocytes | are immature RBC's and will be highter in anemic patients. |
| antigen | a substance recognized by the body as foreign that can trigger an immune response. |
| IN A PT WHO HAS A DVT/PE AND IS STILL BLEEDING EXPLORE: | HIT! |
| Hodgkin's Disease | abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes- Reed Sternberg Cells |
| Blood Clotting Process: | release of clotting factors from injured tissue cells and platelets. formation of thrombin. formation of fibrin and trapping of RBC's to form a clot. |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormal hematologic conditon in which the number of platelets is reduced to fewer than 100,000/mm3. |
| S/S of mono: | swollen lymph nodes/ sore throat/ fagigue/ and it can damage the spleen. |
| autoimmunity | pertainging to the development of an immune response to one's own tissues. |
| immunization | process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or increased. |
| Assessment of Polycythemia | with increaced hct people become really ruddy. maybe sob, c/o arthralgia (joint pain) spleen is the storage tank so maybe enlarged spleen and liver. higer risk for MI and stroke. |
| Six S/S assoc. with HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK: | weakness, stupor, irritability, pale, cool, moist skin, vs:hypotension, tachycardia, and hypothermia, internal hemmorrhage. |
| autologous | somethign that has its origin within and individual esp. a factor present in tissues or fluids. |
| nature of the allergen | most allergy reactions are percipitated by complex high molecular weight protien substances. |
| humoral immunity | meadiated by B cells. they produce antibodies in response to antigen challange. 1st exposure is slow compared w/ subsequent antigen exposures. when 2nd exposure occurs it has a quick response, because it remembers how to kill it. |
| lymphangrography | radiologic exam used to detect metastic involvment of the lymph nodes. |
| autoimmune | immune response to one's own tissue |
| Schilling test and megoblastic anemia profile: | blood test for dx pernicious anemia. measures the absorption of vitamin B12. |
| basophils | most rare. responsible for inflammation, they rally the troops. |
| antigens are protiens that help to identify _____________? | blood types. |
| immunotherapy | special tx for allergic responses. |
| Lukemia | immature wbc's are crowding out the bone marrow from producing other cells. People with lukemia bruise easily. |
| cellualr immunity | acquired immunity characterized by the dominant rule of small T lymphocytes, also called cell mediated immunity. |
| What to watch for with thrombocytopenia | BLEEDING! people can get petichi, brusing and epitaxis. |
| lymphnodes | filter impurities from the lymph (defense)produce lymphocytes (production) |
| multiple myeloma | a malignant neoplastic immunodeficency disease of the bone marrow, turmo is composed of plasma cells. |
| leukocytes | involved in the body defenses, such as destruction of bacteria and viruses. |
| Primary Polycythemia | Is an overproduction of RBC's. |
| What does the leukocyte differential mean? | an exam in wihich the different kind of WBC'S are counted and reported as percentages of the total examined. Used to diagnose a disease or to discriminate between a bacterial and viral infection. |
| Radiologic Studies | Use of CT or MRI for evaluating the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. |
| immunodeficientcy | an abnormal conditoin of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased. |
| bone marrow aspiration or biopsy: | specific for establishing the diagnosis and for treatment and response. used in lukemia. |
| immunocompetence | the ability of the immune system to mobolize and use its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen. |
| myeloproliferative | excess of bone marrow production |
| Normal Hgb range: | 12-16 women, and 14-18 men. |
| immunology | the study of the immune system |
| Coagulation Tests | PT and PTT/INR study used to measure clotting time at different steps. Used for people on cumadin. |
| idiopathic | cause unknown |
| Hct. | is a % of the blood volume. It is the % that is made up of RBC's. |
| Primary Hemochromatosis: | the body asorbs an abnormally high ammount of iron and the treatment is blood letting. |
| Secondary Polycythemia | increase in RBC prodution because the body thinks it needs to produce more. Increased H+H and clotting factors. |
| natural innate immunity | is the first line of defense. it provides physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protects against the external environment. Composed of skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saliva, sebacious glands. |
| Schilling Test: | is a test for vitamin B12 deficientcy. |
| hemarthrosis | bleeding into a joint space. usually seen in the knees, ankles and elbows. |
| hetrozygous | having 2 different genes |
| leukemia | malignant disorder of the hematopoietic system in which an excess of leukocytes accumulates in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. |
| Erythrocyte Indices | measurements of the size and hemoglobin content of RBC's. This measurement provides infor aobut average volume or size. Of a single RBC. |
| route of allergen entry | most allergens enter the body via gi and respiratory routes. injection of venoms and meds hold a more severe threat of allergic response. |
| neurtophils | most abundant responsible for phagocytosis (cell eating/ germs and necrotic tissues) |
| This test can look back at the number of RBC's over 3 months. | A1C |
| pernicious | capable of causing great injury or destruction: deadly or fatal. |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma's | a group of malignant neoplasms which are characterized by immature lymphocytes. |
| lymphangitis | inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessles or channels usually results from acute strep or staph infection in an extremity. |
| immunosuppressive | the administration of agents that significantly interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to antigenic stimulation by immunizations. |
| disseminated intravascular coagualtion DIC: | acquired hemorrhage syndrome of clotting, cascade, over stimulation and anti-clotting process. |
| Thrombocytopenia | low platelet count. less than 100,000. it can be drug induced (cancer and chemo drugs)and is idiopathic. it is also seen in aplastic anemia. |
| normal range for WBC's is: | 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm. |
| Dx Of mono with: | a monospot blood test. |
| Acute lukemia | all diagnosed by bood work and bone marrow aspiration. radiaion therapy indicaited. |
| Secondary hemochromatosis: | rbc tranfusions cause this because after the RBC's are broken down by the spleen, the iron is still reasorbed by the body. treatment is injectable meds that bind with the iron and it will be excreated. |
| Five risk factors that influence the development of hypersensitivity include: | host response to alergen, exposure amount, nature of the alergen, route of alergen entry, repeated exposure. |
| Hemochromatosis | Is iron overload. Excess iron is stored in major body organs. It can be primary or secondary. It may damage the liver, pancreas, spleen and heart. |
| anemia | blood disorder characterized by RBC, hemoglobin and hct levels below normal range. |
| immunodeficiency | an abnormal conditoin of the immune system in which cellular or humora immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased. |
| names of the basic blood groups: | A, B, AB, or O. AB is the universal recipient. O is the universal donor. |
| thrombocytes | platelets. Assist in clotting formation which seals off a break in the walls of a blood vessle. |
| erythropoiesis | the process of RBC production |
| cell mediated immunity | T-cells activated by an antigen. Whole cells become sensitized and released into the blood and tissues. On contact w/ antigen they attach to the organism and destroy it. hypersensitivity reaction are cell mediated. |
| adaptive immunity | protection that provides a specific reaction to each invading antagonist and has the unique ability to remember the antigen that caused the attack. |
| Treatment of Polycythemia. | Blood letting, hydroxyurea-an antidiauretic hormone used to maintain blood volume. also a low dose of asprin as an anticoaguant therapy. |
| pancytopenic | deficient conditon of all three major blood elements. |
| immunity | the quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or conditon. |
| immunocompetence | the ability of an immune system to mobolize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to stimulaton by an antigen. |
| tonsils | masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and the pharynx. Protectes the body against invasion of foreign substance by producing antibodies and lymphocytes. |
| Old RBC's are destroyed by the _________ and recycled. | spleen |
| immunogen | an agento or substance capable of provoking an immune response or producing immunity. |
| erythrocytosis | an abnormal increase in the number of circulating RBC'S. |
| eosinophils | less common, they are involved in alergies and parasytic responses. |
| Reed Sternburg Cells | Atypical histocytes, large, abnormal multinucleated cells of the lymp system found in Hodgkins. |
| Tx for Lukemia | bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy. People are on reverse percautions. They need a good diet and sleep. |
| monocytes | also involved in phagocytosis. largest of teh non granular wbc's. |
| thymus | develops the immune system in utero and for a few months after birth. develops T-lymphocytes of the cell mediated immune response before they migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen. |
| lymphocytes | immune relulators. responsible for antibodies and antigen. |
| inspect for pallor in the: | mucous membranes, nail beds, palmar crease and skin. |
| Gastric Analysis | Older test in determining pernicious anemia |
| Signs of tissue hypoxia | confusion, delerium, air hunger SOB, diaphoresis, hypotension, tachycardia, dry mouth, excessive thirst, fatigue, dizziness. |
| CBC Complete Blood Count | detects many disorders of the hematological system and provides data for the dx and evaluation of disorders in the body systems. |
| immunization | the immune system mounts a greater response to a second encounter w/ an antigen. the vaccine or toxoid, stimulates humora immunity which provides protection from disease for months to years. |
| spleen | serves as a reservoir for blood, forms lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma, destroys worn out RBC's, removes bacteria by phagocytosis, and produces RBC's before birth. |
| Multiple myeloma | cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow. |
| humoral immunity | one of the tow forms of immuity that respond to antigens such as bacteria and foreign tissue immediately by B cells. |
| aplasia | failure of the normal process of cell generation and development |
| acquired adoptive immunity | 2nd line of defense. provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen and has the unique ability to remember the antigen that caused the atact. protects the internal environment. antibodies develop naturally after sickness or vaccines. |
| allergen | a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reacton in the body but is not necessarily inherently harmful. |
| host response to alergen: | the more sensitibe the individual the greater the allergic response is. |
| the lymph system is a division of the cardiovascular system, it has 3 major functions: | maintenance of fluid balance, production of lymphocytes, and absorption and transport of lipids from the intenstine to the blood stream. |
| What do RBC's need to mature? | Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. If either is deficient you see immature cells or low RBC count. |
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