| Question | Answer |
| The main job of the ______________________ is to ensure that continuation of the human species. | reproductive system |
| Humans, like all sexually reproducing organisms, contain specialized organs called __________ that aid in sexual reproduction. | gonads |
| Sexual reproductive organ | Gonad |
| The gonad starts to develop in the embryo at ______ weeks and takes on its earliest functions at _____ weeks | 4.5, 11.5 |
| At first the gonad is a mass of cells derived from the same _______ that forms the kidneys | mesoderm |
| Unique to the gonad are mobile cells called _____________________ | specialized germ cells (SCGs) |
| ______________________– A cell in the gonad involved in sexual reproduction | Specialized Germ Cell (SGC) |
| At ___ weeks, the SGCs develop the ability to undergo meiosis after that point of development; the gonad becomes an ___________ or a ________. | 7, ovary,testis |
| ________________– Developmental differences that distinguish the two genders | Sexual Dimorphism |
| _____________________– Anatomical features that distinguish males from females | Secondary Sex Characteristics |
| - Secondary sex characteristics become evident after ____ weeks of embryological development. | 14 |
| ______________– The stage of development when sexual reproduction becomes possible | Puberty |
| - Integrated into the reproductive systems of females and males is the ________ from the urinary system. | urethra |
| The female reproductive system is divided into the _______________ and the ________________. | reproductive tract,mammary glands |
| _____________ – Connected muscular tubes that are involved in female reproduction | Reproductive Tract |
| _______________ – Sex organs on the outside of the body | External Genitalia |
| _______________ – A tube that extends from the uterus and ends proximal to the ovary | Fallopian Tube |
| _____________ – A pear-shaped organ that nourishes the growing embryo | Uterus |
| ___________ – A muscular canal running from the uterus to the exterior of the body | Vagina |
| the reproductive tract is composed of the ________________, fallopian tubes, _____________, and vagina | ovaries,uterus |
| ________________ are paired accessory organs of the female reproductive system | Mammary glands |
| _______________ are paired, oval-shaped organs responsible for egg formation and sex-hormone production. | Ovaries |
| _________________ – A strip of connective tissue that attaches the ovary to the uterus | Ovarian Ligament |
| Ovaries are composed of an outer _____________ and an inner _____________ layer | cortex,medulla |
| The cortex is composed of a cellular connective tissue where the ____________ are located | eggs |
| ____________– A term for the female sex cell, or egg | Ovum |
| • A loose connective tissue that contains numerous blood vessels and nerves makes up the _____________. | medulla |
| The _______________ of the ovary does not produce eggs. Rather, it stores immature eggs in fluid-filled sacs called ovarian follicles. | cortex |
| ____________________ – A fluid-filled sac in which an egg matures | Ovarian Follicle |
| • Ovarian follicles consist of an immature egg, or ______________, which is surrounded by special follicle cells. | oocyte |
| An _______________ is a cell that has not yet undergone a complete meiosis | Oocyte |
| - Many scientists believe that the ovary contains about ______ million oocytes by month ______ of embryological development. | 7,6 |
| Approximately _____K to ____K oocytes are present by puberty | 40, 60 |
| About _______ oocytes mature within a lifetime | 400 |
| ____________________ – A nearly mature egg or ovum | Graafian follicle |
| The ovum ruptures out of the Graafian follicle during ________________ | ovulation |
| After release from the follicle, the egg enters the ___________________ | fallopian tube |
| • Follicles are also responsible for producing ______________ and secreting it into the blood stream | estrogen |
| The enzyme _______________ converts hormones called androgens into estrogen | aromatase |
| ____________ – A hormone that maintains body structure and provides male sex characteristics | Androgen |
| Androgens are secreted by the ovaries and ___________________ | adrenal glands |
| Large levels of _______________ cause the male sex characteristics to develop | androgens |
| A structure called the ___________________ makes progesterone | corpus luteum |
| ________________– A structure formed in the follicle after the egg is released at ovulation | Corpus Luteum |
| _________________ – An enzyme that helps to convert cholesterol into progesterone | Desmolase |
| _________________ – A condition in which it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or female | Intersex |
| _________________ – Another name for fallopian tube | Oviduct |
| One fallopian tube leads to each ovary on the respective side; however, they do not make contact with the ___________. | ovary |
| ___________________ – The fusion of sperm and egg | Feritilization |
| _________________ – Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube | Fimbriae |
| _______________ contain a high density of ciliated cells whose wave-like movements sweep the ovulated egg into the opening of the fallopian tubes | Fimbriae |
| ______________ – The middle muscular layer of the fallopian tube | Myosalpinx |
| • Muscular contractions of the myosalpinx move the egg through the fallopian tube to the _____________ | uterus |
| _________________ – Two sheets of epithelium attached to the fallopian tube and uterus | Broad Ligaments |
| The ______________, or womb is a hollow muscular organ where the embryo and fetus develop | uterus |
| _____________ – Another name for the uterus | Womb |
| The outerlayer of the womb _____________, is a connective tissue covering that attaches laterally to the broad ligament | perimetrium |
| The middle muscular layer of the womb is the _____________, is very thick and is innervated by autonomic nerves. | myometrium |
| Muscles of the myometrium contract in response to the hormone ______________ | oxytocin |
| ___________ – The thick mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus | Endometrium |
| _______________ layer is rich in blood vessels and varies in thickness with the menstrual period | Endometrium |
| ___________________ – The cyclic shedding of the endometrium | Menstrual Period |
| The uterus is divided into ___________ regions | three |
| Connected to the fallopian tubes is the upper region of the uterus called the ____________ | uterine fundus |
| The ___________ has a thicker endometrium and myometrium than the rest of the uterus | fundus |
| ________________ – The lower third of the uterus | Lower Uterine Segment |
| ________________ – The lowermost part of the uterus, which opens into the vagina | Cervix |
| The _____________ has a rich supply of blood vessels and an abundance of lymphatic vessels | cervix |
| The ___________ is a muscular passage that connects the uterus to the external genitalia. | vagina |
| _______________ – Mucus producing glands at the base of the female urethra | Skene’s Glands |
| ______________ – A diamond-shaped region making up the base of the pelvic region | Perineum |
| ______________– The external female genitalia | Vulva |
| ______________– A pad of fat tissue that covers the pubic bone in females | Mons |
| The mons is rich in ______________ associated with sexual sensitivity | nerves |
| _______________ – Outer lips of the vulva | Libia Mojora |
| _______________ – Inner lips of the vulva | Labia Minora |
| The _______________ are pads of fat tissue that wrap around the vulva from the mons to the perineum. | labia majora |
| labia majora are covered with pubic hair after puberty, and have many _____________ and _______________ glands | sweat,sebaceous |
| ______________ – A small piece of erectile tissue within the labia minor | Clitoris |
| The _________________ is a small piece of highly innervated erectile tissue involved in the sexual response. | clitoris |
| ______________ – A tissue capable of filling with blood and swelling | Erectile Tissue |
| Covering the clitoris is a thin strip of labia minora called the ______________ | clitoral hood |
| ____________– A thin membrane partially covering the opening of the vaginal at birth | Hymen |
| Each mammary gland is divided into ______ to ______ lobes composed of loose connective tissue and glands. | 15, 20 |
| The _____________ glands within the lobes secrete milk into lactiferous ducts | exocrine |
| ___________________ – Ducts of the mammary glands that carry milk to the nipples | Lactiferous Ducts |
| _______________ – A small raised area in the center of each mammary gland | Nipple |
| Around each nipple is a circular area of pigmented skin called the _____________ | areola |
| _________________ – The formation of milk by the mammary glands | Lactation |
| Human milk has higher ______________ and lower ________________ content than other animal milk | carbohydrate,protein |
| Cow milk is _____________ in the amino acids needed for human CNS development | lower |
| ____________________ – A network of tubes and glands that assist with the survival and transport of sperm | Seminal Vessels |
| ___________________ – An external part of the urinary and reproductive systems of the male | Penis or Phallus |
| ______________ – A pouch of skin that encloses the testes | Scrotum |
| Testes start out in the same location as the ovaries during fetal development, which is near the _____________. | kidneys |
| ___________________ – A condition in which one or both testes do not pass into the scrotum | Undescended Testis or Cryptorchidism |
| It is believed that testes require ____________ temperatures of the scrotum in order to produce viable sperm. | cooler |
| Muscle contractions of the ____________ muscle then regulate the testes’ temperature by adjusting the distance of the testes to the body | cremaster |
| The testes become _____________ when placed closer to the body and _____________when moved away. | warmer,cooler |
| ___________________ – Tubes in the testes where sperm is produced | Seminiferous Tubules |
| ________________ – Cells that produce testosterone in the testis | Leydig’s Cells |
| ________________ – A tube where sperm are collected and stored after leaving the testis | Epididymis |
| _____________________ – A thin tube that transports sperm from the testis to the urethra | Vas Deferens or Ductus Deferens |
| The vas deferens is a curved tube that runs up along the bladder and past glands called the _________________ | seminal vesicles |
| _____________________– Glands that help produce semen | Seminal Vesicles |
| Seminal vesicles are paired glands located posterior to the ___________________ | urinary bladder |
| _____________ – A fluid containing sperm and seminal secretions | Semen |
| ____________________ – A duct that opens into the urethra | Ejaculatory Duct |
| ________________ – A gland in the male that surrounds the base of the urethra | Prostate Gland |
| _______________ – A pair of glands the lie beneath the prostate gland | Cowper’s or Bulbourethral Glands |
| Sperm are disabled or killed by _____________conditions. | acidic |
| The _____________ is a tube of erectile tissue that serves as a passageway for semen and urine | penis |
| ___________ – A sheath of erectile tissue in the penis that encloses the urethra | Corpus Spongiosum |
| _______________ – The swollen portion at the tip of the penis | Glans |
| _____________________ – A roll of skin that covers the glans of the penis | Prepuce or Foreskin |
| _________________ – Surgical removal of the prepuce | Circumcision |
| ______________________ – A large cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis | Corpus Cavernosum |
| ________________ – A large vein that runs along the dorsal length of the penis | Dorsal Vein |
| _________________ – Enlargement and hardening of the penis during sexual excitement | Erection |
| _______________ – The sequence of events that lead to ovulation | Ovarian Cycle |
| The female sexual cycle, or menstrual cycle, is a series of events that prepare the body for pregnancy, this cycle is sometimes divided into the _______________________ | ovarian and uterine cycles |
| Events that prepare the uterus for pregnancy make up the _______________ cycle | uterine |
| The ______________ cycle prepares one egg for pregnancy by maturing the egg and passing it out of the ovary. | ovarian |
| ______________________ – The ovarian cycle of events that take place before ovulation | Preovulation or Follicular Phase |
| In the ________________ phase, the follicle secretes estrogen that helps the oocyte mature. | preovulation |
| The ____________________ also stimulates hormone production by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary | estrogen |
| - Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone stimulate the production of the ___________________ | corpus luteum |
| ________________________ – The ovarian cycle of events that take place after ovulation | Postovulation or Luteal Phase |
| ___________________ – The first phase of the uterine cycle phase | Proliferative Phase |
| The endometrium slowly reaches its maximum thickness ____ to ____ days after ovulation | 8, 10 |
| _______________ – The shedding of the endometrium | Menses |
| During __________, the proliferated cells die and shed from the lowest layer of the endometrium | menses |
| A significant amount of iron is lost during menses, making women more susceptible to iron-deficiency disorders, such as ____________ | anemia |
| The “morning after pill” and _____________ interfere with the proliferation and maintenance of the uterine lining. | RU486 |
| ___________________ – The sequence of events that prepare the uterus for pregnancy | Uterine Cycle |
| _________________ – The act of mating | Copulation or Sexual Intercourse |
| ___________________ – The inability to produce or maintain an erection | Erectile Dysfunction |
| ____________________ – The external opening of the urethra | Urethral Meatus |
| ________________ – The process of ejecting semen from the penis | Ejaculation |
| _____________ neural impulses facilitate the contractions needed for ejaculation | Autonomic |
| It is estimated that _______________ sperm are ejaculated in an average intercourse | 400 million |
| ___________________ – An intense sensation that occurs at the height of sexual excitement | Orgasm |
| _________________ – The loss of an erection | Detumescence |
| _________________ – The point at which fertilization occurs | Conception |
| The sperm can survive up to ____ hours in the female’s reproductive tract | 48 |
| Many sperm are destroyed in the female reproductive tract due to ______________ conditions of the mucous | acidic |
| ______________ – A packet of enzymes in a sperm’s head | Acrosome |
| ___________________ – The process of embryo formation | Embryogenesis |
| ___________________ – Twins produced by the simultaneous fertilization of two egg cells | Fraternal Twins |
| ___________________ begins when the fertilized egg, now called a zygote, undergoes its first mitosis | Embryogenesis |
| - A zygote undergoes mitosis about every ____ hours. The typical body cell takes about ____ hours to complete mitosis | 7, 22 |
| As the embryo develops, it reaches a stage called the blastula, or blastocyst, just as it enters the fundus of the uterus ___ days after fertilization | 7 |
| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst |
| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst |
| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst |
| ______________________ – Attachment of the embryo to the endometrial lining | Implantation |
| _________________ – An organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus | Placenta |
| ________________ – The condition in which an embryo is developing within the uterus | Pregnancy |
| _______________________ – A hormone produced by the placenta | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
| ___________ is a protein hormone that is produced by the placenta. The hormone maintains pregnancy by triggering the release of estrogen and progesterone. | hCG |
| hCG hormone is also a useful indicator of pregnancy. It is present in the blood and urine in detectable amounts ____ days after fertilization | 10 |
| ______________ – An embryonic stage in which the three basic tissue germ layers form | Gastrula |
| Identical twins usually form at the _______________ stage | gastrula |
| _________________ – Twins that develop from one fertilized egg | Identical Twins |
| ___________________ – Twins whose bodies are joined together at birth | Conjoined Twins |
| _____________ – A stage of development before birth | Fetus |
| _______________ – A fluid-filled sac that surrounds the fetus (bag of waters) | Amniotic Sac |
| _________________ – Fluid within the amniotic sac | Amniotic Fluid |
| The fetus is almost completely formed by the end of month ___ of pregnancy | 8 |
| __________ – The beginning of childbirth | Labor |
| Physicians are not completely sure about the factors that bring about the onset of labor. It is most likely due to hormone interactions between the fetus and the mother’s __________________ | Pituitary Gland |
| The first stage of labor is usually the dilation of the ___________ | cervix |
| The pituitary hormone ______________ is important in maintaining the muscle contractions needed for labor | oxytocin |
| _____________ – A fluid produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and just after labor | Colostrum |
