| Question | Answer |
| What does the immune system protect against? | assaults on the body (internal and external) |
| What are the three ways of identification of other particles? | Self markers, Non-self markers, self tolerance |
| Which is the identification is molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as “self” to the immune system? | Self markers |
| Which identifiers are molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as “non–self” to the immune system? | Non-self markers |
| Which identifiers represent the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells? | Self-tolerance |
| What are two major categories of immune mechanism? | innate immunity and adaptive immunity |
| What does innate immunity provide? | provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self” |
| Adaptive immunity acts as what? | acts as a specific defense against specific
tthreatening agents |
| What are the primary cells used for innate immunity? | epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer cells; chemicals used in innate immunity—complement and interferon |
| What are the primary types of cells for adaptive immunity? | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells |
| What is cytokines? | any of several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses (examples: interleukin, interferon, leukotriene) |
| What is the first line of defense? | Mechanical and chemical barriers |
| The internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier formed by what? | skin and mucous membranes |
| What is the second line of defense? | Inflammation |
| What do inflammation mediators include? | histamine, kinins, prostaglandins,
and related compounds |
| What are chemotactic factors? | substances that attract white blood cells to
the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis |
| What are characteristic signs of inflammation? | heat, redness, pain, and swelling |
| What is systemic inflammation? | occurs from a body-wide inflammatory responses |
| What is ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes called? | Phagocytosis |
| What is emigration? | process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection |
| What is chemotaxis? | chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant |
| What is diapedesis? | process by which red blood cells are passively pushed out of the blood vessel by hydrostatic pressure through intercellular gaps behind emigrating neutrophils. |
| What is the most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at the site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream; kill bacteria; forms pus? | Neutrophil |
| What are macrophages? | Phagocytic monocytes grow larger after migrating from bloodstream; dendritic cell (DC)- type of macrophage w/ long branches or extensions. |
| What are examples of macrophages? | histiocytes in connective tissue, microglia in nervous system, and Kupffer cells in liver |
| What are natural killer cells? | lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells
infected by viruses |
| What is interferon (INF)? | protein synthesized and released into the circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other, nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state |
| What are complement? | group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses |
| What marks foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes? | opsonization |
| What is the third line of defense? | Adaptive immunity consisting of lymphocytes- 2 different clesses of a type of white blood cell |
| What are two classes of lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes (B Cells) and T lymphocytes (T Cell) |
| What is antibody-mediated immunity? | B-cell Mechanism (produce antibodies that attack pathogens) |
| What pathogens are more directly classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)? | T-cells attack |
| When are lymphocytes densest? | where they develop— in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen |
| What are the 5 factors of antibodies? | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| What is IgM? | antibody that naïve B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen |
| What is IgG? | makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response |
| What is IgA? | major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears |
| What is IgE? | small amount; produces harmful effects such as allergies |
| What is IgD? | small amount in blood; precise function unknown |
| What is the primary response of antibodies? | initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days |
| What is the secondary response of antibodies? | a later encounter with the same antigen triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies |
| What are T-Cells? | lymphocytes that go through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen |
| Pre T-cells develop into ___ while in ___? | thymocytes; thymus |
| Thymocytes stream into blood and are carried to T-dependant zones where? | Spleen and lymph nodes |
| Cells of the cloned T Cells differentiate into what? | effector T cells and memory T cells |
| Effector T cells do what? | go to site where antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack |
| What are cytotoxic T cells? | T cells released lymphotoxin to kill cells |
| What are helper T cells? (TH cells) | regulate the function of the B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes |
| What are suppressor T cells? | regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance |
| What are antibodies? | proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell |
| What is innate (inborn or inherited immunity)? | genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb |
| What is adaptive or acquired immunity? | resistance developed after birth |
| What are the two types of adaptive or acquired immunity? | Natural immunity results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens; Artificial immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization |
| Natural and artificial immunity may be what? | Active or inactive |
| What is active immunity? | when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive |
| What is passive immunity? | developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection |
| What are the differences between B cells and T cells? | B cells are antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity; T cells are cell mediated (cellular) immunity |
| What are the stages of adaptive immunity? | Recognition of antigen; Activation of lymphocytes; Effector phase (immune attack); Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (homeostatic balance); Memory cells remain for later response if needed |
| Immune system is regulated to some degree by what two systems? | nervous and endocrine systems |
| What are some agents of the immune system? | blood cells, skin cells, mucosal cells, brain cells, liver cells, and other types of cells and their secretions |
