| Question | Answer |
| Organization of living things-atoms to organism | Atom,Molecules,Organelles,Cells, Tissue, Organ System, Organism: AMOCTOSO |
| -Catabolism
-Anabolism
Metabolism | Cata: breaking down
Ana: build UP
Meta: sum total of all chem. processes |
| Auto regulation (INTRINSIC) | automatic response in a CELL, TISSUE, or ORGAN |
| EXTRINSIC regulation | responses controlled by NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE system |
| (+)POSITIVE feedback | response of the effector REINFORCES the stimulus |
| (-)NEGATIVE feedback | response of the effector NEGATES the stimulus |
| What makes up 95% of the human body? | COHN: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| Tell me about atoms and what they are made of? | smallest unit of element
-in atom: (+)proton,(0) neutron,(-) electron |
| How to find atomic mass? | sum of the masses of protons & electron |
| Isotopes | -iso=same
-atom that has a different # of neutrons
-ex)Carbon12:p6,n6,e6--C 13:p6,n7,e6--C 14:p6,n8,e6 |
| What do orbitals hold and where do you find it? | -area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found.
-electrons can absorb and release energy |
| (+)Cation | more protons(cats r positive,so r protons) |
| (-)Anion | more electrons |
| What happens in Oxidation & Reduction? | Oxidation: LOSS of electron
Reduction: GAIN of electron |
| molecule | a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association->Oxy2 |
| compound | 2 or more group of atoms bonf together->NaCl(salt) |
| Ionic Bond | formed b/c ions of opposite charge attract 1 another->salt: Sodium Na+ & Chlorine Cl- |
| Covalent Bonds | formed by 2 or more atoms share pairs of valence elections |
| Hydrogen Bonds | -in water molecule
-both Oxygen & Hydrogen attact to share electrons in covalent bond (electronegativity)
-easy to break/make |
| Chemical Reaction | Occurs during the formation or breaking of chem. bonds |
| Energy | the POWER to do WORK |
| WORK | a change in MASS or DISTANCE |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy in motion(ball going down the stairs) |
| Potential Engergy | Stored energy(ball at top of stairs) |
| Activation energy | -gets a reaction started
-enzymes(protein): proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction.less E,less time |
| Exergonic reaction:
Endogonic reaction: | Exergonic: produces more energy
Endogonic: uses more energy |
| Organic & INorganic molecules | -organic: based on carbon(C)&hydrogen(H)
-INorganic: NOT based on C,H |
| Essential Molecules | Nutrients: essential molecules obtained from FOOD
Metabolites: molecules made or broken down in the body |
| Properties of WATER | Solubility:water's ability to dissolve a solute(salt) in a solvent(water) to make a solution(salt water)
-Reactivity: body chem uses or occurs in WATER
-High Heat capacity: ability to absorb&retain heat
-Lubrication: moisten & reduce friction |
| Electrolytes | -INorganic ion
-conduct electricity in solution |
| Hydrophilic | -hydro=water
-philic=loving
-reacts with water |
| Hydrophobic | -phobic=fear
-does NOT react with water |
| Types of Solutions | -Colloid: very lg.organic molecule
-Suspension: particles settle(sediment)
-Concentration: amt. of solute(salt) in slvent(salt)-> mol/L, mg/mL |
| pH | Acid(acidic):pH lower than 7.0(1,2,3,4,5,6)
-high H+ concentration
Base(basic):pH higher than
-high OH- concentration
7.0(8,9,10,11,12,13,14) |
| Carbohydrates FUNCTIONS | Monosaccharides: energy source
Disaccharides: energy source
Polysaccharides: storage of glucose |
| Carbohydrates TYPES | -Monosaccharides: simple sugars 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose)
-Diacccharides: 2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis(sucrose)=glucose+glucose
-Polysaccharides: chain of many simple sugars(glycogen) |
| Lipids Types | -Fatty Acids
-Eicosanoids
-Glycerides
-Steriods
-Phospholipids & Glycolipids |
| Lipid Functions | -Fatty Acids: energy source
-Eicosanoids: chem. messenger
-Glycerides: E source/storage,insulation, physical protection |
| Lipid Function cont... | -Steriods: structural component of cell mem,hormones,digestive secretion in bile
-Phospholipids & Glycolipids: structural component of cell mem. |
| Protein Function 1,2,3 | -structural protein
-contractile protein
-transport protein |
| Protein Function 4,5,6,7 | -buffering: reg. of pH
-metabolic reg.: enzymes
-hormones
-antibodies |
| Enzyme(protein) characteristics | Specificity:
-1 enzyme catalyzes 1 reaction
Saturation limits:
-an enzyme's max work rate
Regulation:
-the ability to turn off & on |
| Enzyme function | Catalyst:lower activation E of chem. reaction
-NOT changes/used up in reaction |
| Protein characteristics | -organic molecule
-Basic element: COHN
-basic building block: 20 amino acids |
| Nucleic Acid | -lg. organic molecule
-in nucleus
-store & process info. at molecular level
-DNA & RNA |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | -determine inherited characteristic
-direct protein synthesis
-control enzyme production
-control metabolism |
| RNA (ribonnucleic acid) | -codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis |
| DNA Bases: | -adenine(A)
-thymine(T)
-cytosine(C)
-guanine(G) |
| RNA Bases: | -uracil(U)...replaces thymine(T) |
| Nucleotides | -building blocks of DNA |
| Nucleotides parts | Have 3 molecular parts:
-sugar(deoxyribose)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base: A,G,T,C |
| Somatic Cells | soma=body |
| Cytoskeleton | structrual protein for shape & strength
-In Microfilaments
-In Microtubules |
| Microvilli | -increase surface area for absorption
-the finger looking wiggly thing in a cell
-attached to cytoskeleton
- |
| Ribosomes | -builds polypeptides in protein syn.
-2 types:
free ribosomes in cytoplasm
fixed ribosomes attached to ER |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
endo
plasm
reticulum | endo=within..
plama=cytoplasm..
reticulum=network |
| Golgi Apparatus | -Secretory Vesicle
-Membrane renewal
-Transport vesicle |
| Lysosomes | lyso=dissovlve__soma=body
formed by Golgi, digestive enzymes, ejects secretory product & wastes |
| Mitochondria | -produces ATP(energy
-takes chem. E from food(glucose)
-cristae form walls |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Has a...
Tail: hydrophobic
Head: hydrophilic |
| Nucleus | -DNA
-Nucleoplasm
-Nuclear matrix |
| DNA organization | -Nucleosomes
-Chromatin
-Chromosomes |
| Genes | -DNA instruction for 1 protein
Code: A, T, C, G
3 bases= 1 amino acid |
| Selective Permeability | Allows some materials to move freely but restricts other materials |
| Protein Synthesis steps | This is how DNA instructions become protein.
Using: Transcription, Translation, Processing |
| TranSCRPITion | copies instructions from DNA to mRNA(in nucleus) |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Function | Function
-syn. of protein,carbohydrates,lipids
-storage of synthesized mole. & material
-transport w/in ER
-Detoxification of drugs/toxin |
| TranSLATion | Template serves as a series of codes for the amino acid sequence of the protein |
| 3 Categories of Transport | -Diffusion(passive)
-Carrier-mediated transport(passive or active)
-Vasicular transport(active) |
| 7 methods of transport | -Diffusion, active transport
-osmosis, carrier-mediated,2nd active transport, exocytosis |
| Factors Affecting Diffusion | Distance, Molecule size, Temp, Gradient size |
| Diffusion types | Simple:diffuse through cell membrane
Channel-Mediated:materials pass through transmembrane protein(channels) |
| Osmosis | Must have water. Freely permeable to water, selectively permeable to solutes |
| Tonicity-iso | iso=same__tonos=tention
Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell |
| Tonicity-hypo | hypo=less
Has less solutes on outside. Gains water through osmosis. |
| Tonicity-hyper | hyper=more
Has more solutes on the outside. |
| Carrier-meadiated Transport | Carries proteins passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration gradient |
| Cotransport | 2 substances move in the same direction at the same time |
| Countertransport | 1 substance moves in while another moves out |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors (glyco proteins) bind targert molecules(ligands).coated vesicle(endosome) carries ligands & recepptors into the cell |
| Active Transport | -move substances AGAINST concentration gradient
-requires E
-ion pump |
| Exocytosis & Endocytosis | Exo=out of
Endo=into, active transport using ATP |
| Pinocytosis | Drinking Cell, drinks extracellular fluids |
| Phagocytosis | Eating Cell, engulfs large objects in phagosomes |
| Cell Cycle | P.M.A.T |
| Mitosis | Distribution of duplicated chromosomes into 2 daughter cells |
| Chromosome | the 'X' |
| Chromatid | Half of the 'X'__< |
| Centermere | the middle(button) |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cell.
Animal cells:occures by constriction of actin fibers.
Plant cell: occurs by synthesis if cell plant. |
| Secondary Active Transport | Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport |
