GRE Psych
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Kurt Lewin | show 🗑
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| show | a previous CS becomes an UCS for another NS
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| show | Forward = CS is presented before the UCS; Backward = CS is presented after the UCS
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| primary drive | show 🗑
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| secondary drive | show 🗑
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| show | balance theory
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| Balance theory | show 🗑
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| Charles Osgood and Perry Tannenbaum | show 🗑
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| Leon Festinger | show 🗑
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| show | proposed performance = drive X habit
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| Edward Tolman | show 🗑
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| show | performance = expectaition X value, people are motivated by goals that they think they will meet combined with the value of the event
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| Victor Vroom | show 🗑
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| Henry Murray and David McClelland | show 🗑
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| Need for achievement (nAch) | show 🗑
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| John Atkinson | show 🗑
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| Neil Miller | show 🗑
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| show | the idea of rewarding an undesired event with a desired event (i.e. dessert after eating spinach)
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| Donald Hebb | show 🗑
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| Yerkes-Dodson effect | show 🗑
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| response learning | show 🗑
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| show | linking together a series of stimili and behaviors to approximatethe desired behavior
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| show | when an apparatus allows a subject to reinforc their own behaviors, such as bar pressing
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| show | genetic preparedness for learning, esp. nausea
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| Garcia effect | show 🗑
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| M. E. Olds | show 🗑
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| show | motor tasks are better if one task leads directly to another (like riding a bike) than if discrete
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| Positive transfer | show 🗑
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| Negative transfer | show 🗑
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| show | Forgetting and learning curve (learning changes acceleration over time, slow, quick slow)
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| show | discrete sounds in language that carry no meaning
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| show | the smallest possible group of phonemes that form meaning (boy, ing)
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| show | grammar
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| show | aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning (tone, inflection, accents, etc.)
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| show | transformational grammar, surface structure, language acquisition device (LAD)
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| transformational grammar | show 🗑
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| show | how words are organized on the surface in an expression
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| show | the true meaning of an expression
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| overregulation | show 🗑
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| show | generalizing the name for things
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| telegraphic speech | show 🗑
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| who learns language faster? girls/boys | show 🗑
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| show | 1 year - 1st words; 2 year - < 50 words in 2-3 word sentences; 3 yrs - 1000 word vocab w/ many errors; 4 yrs - grammar are rare excpetions
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| show | theory of children's linguistic acquisition = children make hypotheses about syntax and self-correct with experience
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| Katherine Nelson | show 🗑
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| William Labov | show 🗑
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| Lev Vygotsky | show 🗑
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| Alexander Luria | show 🗑
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| Charles Osgood | show 🗑
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| iconic memory | show 🗑
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| George Sperling | show 🗑
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| Ulric Neisser | show 🗑
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| backward masking | show 🗑
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| echoic memory | show 🗑
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| show | is mostly auditory and phonological
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| show | disrupting stimli that occur before the new item is presented
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| show | the difficulty in remembering a new item due to proactive interference
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| show | disrupting stimuli that occur after the new item is presented
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| retroactive inhibition | show 🗑
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| Savings | show 🗑
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| encoding specificity principle | show 🗑
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| semantic memory | show 🗑
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| declarative memory | show 🗑
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| Frederick Bartlett | show 🗑
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| show | studied by Frederick Bartlett, ideas and semandics of the story are better recalled than details or grammar of story
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| Allan paivio | show 🗑
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| show | ideas are better recalled if icons/images are combined with semantic memory
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| show | depth of processing for memory
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| Karl Lashley | show 🗑
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| Donald Hebb | show 🗑
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| show | studied the Aplysia sea slug and young chicks to show physical changes in the neurons with memory
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| show | patient "HM" with lesion to the hippocampus and could not create new long-term memories
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| show | memorizing lists of info, subject to the primacy and the recency effect
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| serial-anticipation learning | show 🗑
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| paired-association learning | show 🗑
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| show | remembering lists of information in any order
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| show | acoustic dissimilarity, semantic dissimilarity, brevity, familiarity, concreteness, meaning, importance to the subject
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| decay / trace theory | show 🗑
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| interference theory | show 🗑
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| generation-recognition | show 🗑
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| show | photographic memory
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| show | flashes images for fractions of an inch
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| Zeigarnik effect | show 🗑
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| concept | show 🗑
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| mental set | show 🗑
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| script | show 🗑
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| show | the representative or stereotypical example (scientists are good at math)
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| show | defined convergent and divergent thinking
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| show | taking many items to create a single solution
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| divergent thinking | show 🗑
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| functional fixedness | show 🗑
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| problem space | show 🗑
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| mediation | show 🗑
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| Allen Newell and Herbert Simon | show 🗑
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| show | first artificial computer simulation model by Allen Newel and Herbert Simon
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| show | updated artificial simulation model by Allen Newel and Herbert Simon
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| deductive reasoning | show 🗑
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| show | leads to general rules inferred from specific details
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| show | when a conclusion is influenced by the way information is phrased
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| show | making conclusions based on what is thought to be correct instead of what logically follow from information given
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| show | discovere semantic heirarchy that proved that related words are processed faster (canary is a bird = true is faster than toaster is a bird = false
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| which processes memory faster, pictures or words? | show 🗑
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| bottom-up processing | show 🗑
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| top-down processing | show 🗑
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| show | from one fixed point to another, esp when reading or gazing
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| show | bodily reactions cause emotion
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| Cannon-bard theory of emotion | show 🗑
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| Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion | show 🗑
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| show | the part of the world that triggers a particular neuron
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| sensory transduction | show 🗑
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| nativist theory | show 🗑
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| structuralist theory | show 🗑
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| show | perceptional development in the ability to make finer discriminations among stimuli
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| ciliary muscles | show 🗑
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| Ewald Hering | show 🗑
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| show | tri-color theory / component theory
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| lateral inhibition | show 🗑
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| David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel | show 🗑
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| show | visual cliff
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| show | aka after images, due to fatigued receptors that are overshadowed by opponent-processes
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| show | Gestalt idea that experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical, and simple whenever possible (this is how Gestalt explains how we make order out of chaotic images
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| show | the tendency to perceive smooth motion where there is none (apparent motion - animation)
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| show | equal lines with wings
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| Ponzo illusion | show 🗑
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| autokinetic effect | show 🗑
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| show | the perception of color brightness changes with illumination. Red especially appears less bright in low illumination
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| show | inability to recognize faces
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| Robert Fanz | show 🗑
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| E. H. Weber | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction of its original value in order for an organism to perceive a difference
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| show | a refinement of Weber's law - the just noticeable difference increases logrithmically
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| show | Developed by J. A. Swet, perception cannot be mathematically determined due to response bias (motivation). Response bias and signal strength determines perception
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| show | determines intensity/loudness
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| Frequency | show 🗑
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| Pinna | show 🗑
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| Ossicles | show 🗑
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| show | membrane of the ear that are stimulated by the flow of cochlear fluid to hear
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| show | discovered that different places of the cochlea are responsible for different tones
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| sound localization | show 🗑
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| dichotic presentation | show 🗑
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| papillae | show 🗑
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| show | sense pain and temperature changes in skin
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| Meissner's corpuscles | show 🗑
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| show | touch receptors for displacement of skin
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| show | the temperature that is neither cold nor hot
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| show | developed gate-control theory
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| Proprioception | show 🗑
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| show | sense thirst
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| Myelencephalon | show 🗑
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| metencephalon | show 🗑
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| medulla | show 🗑
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| show | connects the brain to the spinal cord
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| show | considered oldest part of the brain; responsible for a;ertness, thirst, sleep, involuntary muscles
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| show | midbrain
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| show | controls vision and hearing, part of the midbrain/mesencephalon
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| tegmentum | show 🗑
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| show | part of forebrain, contains the thalamas and the hypothalamus
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | ANS response; hunger and thirst; also houses the pituitary gland
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| telencephalon | show 🗑
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| show | group of structures for the four F's (fleeing, fighting, feeding)
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| cingulate gyrus | show 🗑
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| gyrus | show 🗑
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| sulcus | show 🗑
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| show | tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain
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| superior colliculus | show 🗑
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| show | auditory reflexes
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| show | controls large, voluntary muscles, linked to Parkinson's and Huntington's
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| show | can't organized particular movements
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| show | difficulty processing particular sensory information
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| aphasia | show 🗑
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| alexia | show 🗑
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| agraphia | show 🗑
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| Broca's area | show 🗑
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| Wernicke's area | show 🗑
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| Hyperphagia | show 🗑
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| show | easily provoked rage due to removal / lesion of the cerebral cortex; in animals it tends to be removal; in humans it can be hypothalamic lesion or discharge
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| show | provide / create myelin in the CNS
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| schwann cells | show 🗑
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| monoamines | show 🗑
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| show | most abundant excitatory transmiter
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| show | most abundant inhibitaory transmitter
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| Neuromodulators | show 🗑
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| show | turns a fetus into a male
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| hormones for menstration | show 🗑
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| show | regulates water levels and therefore regulates blood pressure
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone | show 🗑
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| show | drowsy, neural synchrony
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| Stage 1 sleep | show 🗑
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| Stage 2 sleep | show 🗑
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| Stage 3 sleep | show 🗑
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| show | delata waves more than 50% of the time, growth hormones are secreted
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| beta waves | show 🗑
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| show | subjects dprived of REM sleep will spend more time in REM the next night
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| Konrad Lorenz | show 🗑
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| Ethology | show 🗑
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| show | aka releasers or sign stimuli, one individualof aspecies elicits an automatic, instinctual chain of behaviors from another individual in the same species
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| show | requirements: performed by most members of the species, uniform, complex, cannot be interrupted
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| Nikolaas Tinbergen | show 🗑
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| supernormal sign stimulus | show 🗑
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| Karl von Frisch | show 🗑
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| show | coined "fight or flight", proposed homeostasis hypothesis
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| show | a gamete that has half of the chromosomes of an organism
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| show | cells that have pairs of chromosomes
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| show | aka irrelevant behaviors, behaviors that have no particular survival function
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| show | sexually receptive period in animals, "in heat"
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| instinctual drift | show 🗑
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| show | 1) behavioral isolation 2) goegraphic isolation 3) mechanical isolation 4) seasonal isolation
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| sexual dimorphism | show 🗑
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| show | circle dance = food close, waggle = far, angle off vertical = angle from sun, landmarks, magnetic fields, sun and polarized light are navigational aides
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| bird navigation | show 🗑
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| show | used chimpazees to study insight
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| show | bred maze bright and maze dull rats
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| R, M Cooper and John Zubek | show 🗑
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| show | seperating sibling animals at birth to determine heredity and
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| projection | show 🗑
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| show | defense mechanism of channeling energy from unacceptable means to acceptable means
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| show | memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences
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| show | psychoanalytical theory developed from Alfred Adler, based on the postitive, creative, social, and whole. We work on social needs and on "becoming", we either feel inferiority due to the gap between the ideal and the real, or a quest for superiority
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| Adlerian personality models | show 🗑
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| show | Carl Jung, the main drive is toward life and awareness
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| persona | show 🗑
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| shadow | show 🗑
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| anima | show 🗑
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| show | male elements that females possess, complementing her own femaleness, analytical theory (Jung)
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| show | the full individual potential, symbolized by figures such as Jesus or Buddha, and by the mandala
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| show | Aaron Beck; conscious thought patterns are the main role and not unconcsious drives; interpretation of events is more important than actual events; therapy is directed, short term, and focuses on tangible evidence of client logic
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| maladaptive cognitions | show 🗑
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| arbitrary inference | show 🗑
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| show | black and white thinking in cognitive therapy
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| rational-emotive therapy | show 🗑
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| show | Fritz Perls, max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka; the goal is to detatch from past and fully experience and perceive the present; problems arise when we cannot perceive/fully experience the presetn and lack insight; thearpy is a dialog
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| show | Victor Frankl and Rollo May; focuses on meaningfulness and meaninglessness; neuroticism stems from a lack of meaning
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| show | block dopamine receptors and production; thorazine (chlorpromazine) and Haldol (haloperidol)
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| chlorpromazine | show 🗑
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| show | name brand for chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic
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| Haldol | show 🗑
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| show | generic for Haldol, an antipsychotic
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| Lithium | show 🗑
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| show | inhibit monoaminessuch as norepinephrine and serotonin
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| Antidepressants | show 🗑
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| tricyclic antidpressants (TCA) | show 🗑
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| amitriptyline | show 🗑
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| MAOI | show 🗑
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| Elavil | show 🗑
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| Phenelzine | show 🗑
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| Nardil | show 🗑
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| SSRI | show 🗑
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| Prozac | show 🗑
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| show | generic for Prozac, an SSRI
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| Paxil | show 🗑
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| show | generic for Paxil, and SSRI
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| show | name brand for sertraline, an SSRI
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| Sertraline | show 🗑
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| Anxiolytics | show 🗑
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| show | generic for Valium, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine
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| show | name brand for diazepam, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine
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| show | changes metabolism of alcohol to make one nauseous (i.e. fight alcoholism)
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| show | critcized effectiveness of psychopharmacology as being no more succssful than no treatment at all
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| show | pioneered psychoanalysis in children; object-relations theory (adult relations are based on infant/child experiences)
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| Karen Horney | show 🗑
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| show | Neo-Freudian, empasized social and interpersonal relationships
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| The Three Forces of psychotherapy | show 🗑
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| show | stress-inoculation therapy
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| show | proved that abnormal behavior can be learned
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| Pick's disease | show 🗑
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| schizoaffective disorder s | show 🗑
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| show | elements of schizophrenia/distorted reality, with eccentricities
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| tardive dyskinesia | show 🗑
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| cretinism | show 🗑
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| Korsakoff's syndrome | show 🗑
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| Wernicke's syndrome | show 🗑
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | show 🗑
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| Tay-Sachs Disease | show 🗑
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| show | a Y and two X chromosomes
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| Martin Seligman | show 🗑
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| show | schizophrenia is artisitc, misunderstood, and should not be treated
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| show | schozophrenogenic mothers
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| show | studied pseudopatients that acted normal once they were admitted but whose behaviors were still being labeled as abnormal
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| Axis I | show 🗑
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| show | Personality Disorders and Menta Retardation
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| show | General Medical Conditions
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| show | Psychosocial and environmental conditions
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| Axis V | show 🗑
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| primary preventions | show 🗑
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| show | fertilized ovum
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| germinal stage | show 🗑
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| embryonic stage | show 🗑
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| fetal stage | show 🗑
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| show | throwing arms and legs in response to loud noises
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| Babinski reflex | show 🗑
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| Palmar reflex | show 🗑
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| show | assimilation (fitting new info into existing ideas) or accomodation (modifying schemata to incorporate new information)
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| show | 0-2 years, reflexes give way to circular reactions (repeated behavior to manipulate)' object permanence; representaiton (visualization and language)
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| preoperational stage (Piagetian) | show 🗑
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| concrete operational (Piagetian) | show 🗑
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| show | 12+ years, abstract relationships, logic, ratios, and values
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| Rochel Gelman | show 🗑
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| show | 4-7 (imitates rule following behavior), 7-11 understands and follow, 12+ applies abstract rules and can change rules if all parties agree
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| show | theories of stages of development: avoid punishment, seek rewards, seek praise, follow rules, attentive to rights, able to follow abstract concepts
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| Carol Gilligan | show 🗑
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| Erikson's stage birth-18 m | show 🗑
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| Erikson's stage 18m-3y | show 🗑
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| Erikson's stage 3y-6y | show 🗑
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| show | industry v inferiority
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| Erikson's stage teen | show 🗑
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| Erikson's stage y adult | show 🗑
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| show | productivity v. stagnation
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| Erikson's stage o adult | show 🗑
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| show | positive and negative forces help forge attachment of infant to mother; healthy attachments to mother during critical period lead to healthy attachments throughout life
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| show | used the stange situation to study attachment; discovered stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety, etc.
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| Diana Baumrind | show 🗑
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| show | nature provides only the blueprint, nurture actually develops that blueprint
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| show | weak in prepubescence, strong in adolescence, weaker again later in life
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| show | used "somatotypes" to predict personality based on body shape (fat = social pleasure-seeker, skinny = introvert)
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| GOrdan Allport | show 🗑
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| show | reduced Allport's 5000 traits to 16 bipolar traits
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| show | OCEAN - (Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
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| Walter Mischel and Nancy Cantor | show 🗑
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| show | 40-50%
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| Kay Deaux | show 🗑
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| show | studied androgyny, found that self-esteem is highest with androgynous individuals, creted the Bem Sex Role Inventory
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| Martina Horner | show 🗑
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| Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin | show 🗑
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| Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman | show 🗑
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| show | discovered that Type A personality leads to heart disease
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| F-scale | show 🗑
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| George Kelley | show 🗑
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| Jullian Rotter | show 🗑
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| show | aka fundamental attribution error; we tend to think that another person's actions are based on personality and not situation, but reverse for ourselves
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| Barnum effect | show 🗑
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| self-efficacy | show 🗑
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| Costa and McRae | show 🗑
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| show | TAT, uses ambiguous story cards that patients fill in, hopefully to project their needs, desires onto the story
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| show | first social psychologist experiment; foud cyclists ride faster when riding with someone else
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| Kurt Lewin | show 🗑
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| Fritz Heider | show 🗑
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| show | the assumption that one good characteristic means that a person has other good characteristics
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| show | studied subjects that were told a lie and later told that it wasn't true. If they had processed an explanation for it, they still maintained original false belief
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| show | the fallacy that the familiar is thought to be much more common than it really is
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| M. J. Lerner | show 🗑
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| show | a heuristic based on how much a person fits a prototype or stereotype
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| show | heuristic that assumes that the most salient example is most common
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| Leon Festinger | show 🗑
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| show | self-perception theory - we take cues from our behavior and environment (when we are paid, we don't enjoy it as much)
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| gain-loss theory | show 🗑
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| show | prisoner's dilemma and trucking company dilemma
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| show | the experiment with confederates who lied about which line is bigger to test conformity
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| Muzafer Sharif | show 🗑
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| show | group polarization; the risky shift (groups are more likely to take risks than individuals), discussion serves to strengthen the alsready dominat POV
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| show | Irving Janis, unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader
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| pluralistic ignorance | show 🗑
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| Kenneth and Mamie Clark | show 🗑
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| four factors of attraction | show 🗑
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| show | studied reactions to stress. we can either change the stressor (problem-focused) or our reaction (emotion-focused)
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| show | showed that elderly that take care of aplant are healthier
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| bogus pipeline | show 🗑
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| show | studied link between frustration and aggression
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| M. Rokeach | show 🗑
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| Hazel Markus | show 🗑
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| Elaine Hatfield | show 🗑
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| Walter Dill Scott | show 🗑
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| show | coined by Henry Landsberger, found that productivity increases when someone is being observed
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| Franz Joseph Gall | show 🗑
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| show | first to apply stats to psych, also promoted eugenics
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| show | first experimental psychologist first experiment that had mathematical results
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| Wilhelm Wundt | show 🗑
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| William James | show 🗑
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| Stanley Hall | show 🗑
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| show | reflex arc and functonalism
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| show | started structuralism
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| show | applied psychology to improve treatment of mentally ill in hospitalization
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| show | started Gestalt
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| show | started existential psychology, started logotherapy which uses the search for meaning as a means of healing
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|
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| show | pioneered cognitive techniques in therapy; maladaptive thoughts cause abnormalities
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| Alfred Binet | show 🗑
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| show | modified from Binet's original to account for changes in intelligence over age, used mostly in children
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| Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale | show 🗑
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| factors that predict IQ in adoption studies | show 🗑
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| decline of memory due to age | show 🗑
|
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| show | studied birth order and intelligence; the oldest is highest, and each subsequent child is less; the bigger the gap between children, the more intelligent
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| Q-sort test | show 🗑
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| show | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory assesses personality using three validity scales (lying, carelessness, and faking), also can diagnose some abnormals
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| CPI | show 🗑
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| show | Personality inventory based on Jungian psycholgy to give the four letter code
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| show | subject creates their own naswer that is interpreted
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| show | A series of pictures of frustrating situations where the subject needs to predict the response
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| show | Does not diagnose, but it doues note severity of symptoms to track over time
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| show | responses show which subgroup a subject fits into (such as career tests)
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| show | tracks milestones of physical development but is a poor predictor of later intelligence
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| show | an experiment where random placement into groups is impossible or unethical (i.e. smoking for 20 years)
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| show | when a subject agrees to conflicting statements
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|
||||
| show | when a subject acts in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to act
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|
||||
| Rosenthal effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reactance | show 🗑
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||||
| show | when enough subjects drop out of a study and their group is no longer representative or random
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|
||||
| show | statistical analysis of multiple studies
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|
||||
| nominal variables | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | variables need to be arranged in order but there can be any gap in between, such as marathon running times
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||||
| show | variables with set distance in between, such as temperature, any zeros are arbitrary
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||||
| show | a variable with a set order, set distance, and a real zero, such as age
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|
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| measures of central tendency | show 🗑
|
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| show | variance; subtract each value from the mean, square the differences, add the squared differences, divide by the number of values, then take the square root
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|
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| show | the number of deviations a datum is from the mean
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|
||||
| show | a transformation of the z score so that 50 is the mean and each increment of 10 is a snandard deviation
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|
||||
| show | 34:14:02
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|
||||
| Pearson r correlation coefficient | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spearman r correlation coefficient | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the procedure for determining relationship and predicting obe variable based on another
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|
||||
| show | no correlation between variables; the correlation is equal to or less than random chance
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|
||||
| show | a test to determine how much data rejects the null hypothesis
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|
||||
| show | the baseline criterion to test significance (less that 5% or 1% margin of error)
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|
||||
| show | incorrectly reject the null hypothesis
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|
||||
| Type II error | show 🗑
|
||||
| t-test | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a test of significance that looks at patterbs or distributions of a specific category (i.e. representativeness of race within a group)
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||||
| show | data that must be counted and therefore can never be negative
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|
||||
| ANOVA, analysis of variance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | used for more that one independent variable and to show the effects of each independent variable
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|
||||
| show | measures mastery in a particular area or subject (i,e, a final exam)
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|
||||
| show | measure less defined properties (i.e. intelligence)
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|
||||
| show | comparing two halves of a test to see reliable scores, such as evens v. odd
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|
||||
| show | stability of test scores
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|
||||
| show | how well a test measures a construct
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|
||||
| internal validity | show 🗑
|
||||
| external validity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | whether scores of a new meaure positively correlate with other measures known to measure the same construct
🗑
|
||||
| construct validity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | whether the content covers a good sample of the construct's aspects
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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mrjones
Popular Psychology sets