Acid-Base Balance
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| what is the state called in which arterial blood is more acidic than normal? aka increased concentration of hydrogen ions. | show 🗑
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| show | base excess (BE)
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| show | decreased hydrogen ion concentration in the blood; blood pH greater than 7.45
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| how is BE expressed? | show 🗑
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| show | +2 mEq/L
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| what is the buffer base? | show 🗑
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| show | 48-52 mEq/L
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| what is a titrable, nonvolitile acid called? | show 🗑
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| show | the by-product of protein catabolism
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| show | fixed
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| show | the specific equation for calculating the pH of the bicarbonate buffer system of the blood
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| show | H-H equation
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| show | it equals the pH of blood plasma, and since all buffer systems in the blood are in equilibrium, the pH of one system equals the pH of the entire plasma solution.
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| what is hypercapnia? | show 🗑
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| what is the presence of lower than normal amounts of CO2 in the blood (PaCO2)? | show 🗑
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| show | non-respiratory processes resulting in acidemia
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| show | metabolic alkalosis
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| show | hypoventilation, the loss of HCO3- or gaining fixed acids resulting in acidemia
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| show | hyperventilation, resulting in alkalemia
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| the plasma concentration of HCO3- that exists if PCO2 is normal is known as ____ | show 🗑
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| how is standard bicarbonate expressed? | show 🗑
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| show | 40 mm Hg
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| what is an acid that can be excreted in its gaseous form? | show 🗑
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| show | carbonic acid
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| show | 24,000 mmol/L total
13,000 mmol/L of volatile
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| effect of small changes in the hydrogen ion concentration? | show 🗑
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| show | normal metabolism
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| H+ regulation is of utmost biological importance? T or F | show 🗑
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| show | the H+ concentration of body fluids
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| what property of H+ is the reason for the need to regulate its concentration? | show 🗑
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| show | its reactions with proteins can change their physical contour, rendering the enzyme inactive
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| wat is the normal, life sustaining, pH range of the body? | show 🗑
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| what would be the results of an ABG if patient is hypoventilating? (uncompensated) | show 🗑
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| what gas is carbonic acid (H2CO3) in equilibrium with? | show 🗑
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| what would be the results of an ABG if the patient is hyperventilating? (uncompensated) | show 🗑
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| show | Hb buffering/transporting H+
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| H+ + HCO3-= H2CO3 | show 🗑
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| show | partial compensated metabolic acidosis
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| show | isohydric buffering and ventilation
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| interpret the ABG: pH- 7.52 PaCO2- 40 HCO3- 30 | show 🗑
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| show | it increases from 24 to approximately 28.5
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| what disease can increases fixed acid production? | show 🗑
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| show | ventilation
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| show | by reabsorbing HCO3 back into the blood
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| what can be done to correct respiratory acidosis and improve alveolar ventilation? | show 🗑
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| what are some signs of respiratory alkalosis? | show 🗑
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| how do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis? | show 🗑
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| what is a buffer solution? | show 🗑
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| how are blood buffers classified? | show 🗑
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| show | H2CO3 and a conjugate base of HCO3-
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| what does the non-bicarbonate (closed) buffer system consist of? | show 🗑
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| what is the main function difference in between an open and closed buffer system? | show 🗑
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| in a closed buffer system, when does buffering activity stop? | show 🗑
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| show | O2 therapy
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| show | plasma
erythrocytes
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| show | Hb, organic and inorganic phosphates, and plasma proteins
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| show | volatile and fixed
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| what acids acids does an open buffer system buffer? | show 🗑
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| show | open
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| open and closed buffer systems function in isolation. T or F | show 🗑
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| in which 2 ways can metabolic acidosis occur? | show 🗑
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| what is the normal anion gap range? | show 🗑
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| what does the buffering of a fixed acid produce? | show 🗑
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| show | Hb
it is the most abundant
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| show | blood plasma
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| show | lungs and kidneys
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| show | lungs
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| if one acid-excretion system fails, the other will compensate. T or F | show 🗑
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| why is CO2 elimination crucial? | show 🗑
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| what is the anion gap? | show 🗑
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| show | you can use it to see if the pH, PCO2, and HCO3 values for an abg are compatible; prevents transcription errors amd analyzer inaccuracies; also, to predict the result of changing the value of one or more of the variable
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| show | to eliminate the effects of respiratory involvement; aka to see whats going on at the metabolic level
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| show | metabolic acidosis
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| show | lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, renal failure.
aspirin, formic acid, ethylene glycol
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| what are some of the causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis? | show 🗑
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| what are some of the symptoms of metabolic acidosis? | show 🗑
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| show | below 7.2
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| show | if above 7.2, nothing, dr. will need to treat underlying condition
if below 7.2, intravenous infusion of NaHCO3
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| show | hyperventilation
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| show | blood pH
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| show | <100 mEg
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| the kidneys also regulate HCO3 levels. T or F | show 🗑
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| show | loss of fixed acids or gain of blood buffer base; either one increases plasma HCO3
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| what is the most complicated acid-base imbalance to treat? | show 🗑
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| what is the goal of secreting less H+? | show 🗑
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| show | to increase the amount of HCO3- in the blood, decrease the amount of H+ in the blood
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| what happens when filtrate pH reaches 4.5? | show 🗑
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| show | vomiting, hypokalemia
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| how do the lungs compensate for metabolic alkalosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 22-26 mEq/L
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| show | kidneys
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| what maintains CO2 levels? | show 🗑
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| show | 20:1
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| show | HCO3-
PCO2
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| a decrease in ___ or an increase in ___ leads to acidemia. (ratio less than 20:1) | show 🗑
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| pH changes caused by PaCO2 are referred to as what? | show 🗑
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| show | increased intake of fluids containing Cl-; in hypokalemia- administering KCl (potassium chloride)
if severe- HCl or ammonium chloride
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| how does the hydration reaction produce HCO3? | show 🗑
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| how much does plasma HCO3 increase with acute increase in PCO2? | show 🗑
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| show | categorizing pH
pH scale
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| show | determining respiratory involvement
PaCO2
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| show | determine metabolic involvement
plasma HCO3-
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| what is the last step in analyzing acid-base problems? | show 🗑
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| show | anesthesia, narcotics, and sedatives
poliomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, guillian-barre syndrome
trauma to spinal cord, brain, chest wall, kyphoscoliosis, obesity
COPD, airway obstruction
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| show | anxiety, fear, stimulant drugs, CNS lesion, pain, sepsis
hypoxemia, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary vascular disease
latrogenic hyper ventilation
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| how do u calculate base excess? | show 🗑
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