Chapter 1
Help!
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| Structuralism | Wundt + Tichner
-elements of thought
introspection
Conscious/Aware
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| Introspection | observing own thoughts, feelings and sensations
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| Gestalt + Wertheimer | "whole picture"
conscious/aware
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| William James | functionalism
-what behaviors do we need to survive our envioronment
conscious/aware
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| Freud | Unconscious
Psycho analitic- dreams, surpressed feelings, memories
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| Behaviorism | John B. Watson
Baby Albert
Stimulus-Response
what reenforcers are taking place? B.F Skinner
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| Population of Interest | researchers would include every person they are interested in studying
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| Sample | researchers selection of a portion or subset of the population
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| Naturalistic Observation | research studies that are conducted in the environment in which the behavior typically occurs
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| Case Study | in depth observation of on participant
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| Generalizability | conclusions that are drawn from case studies are limited to the topic being studied
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| Surveys | asking a large group of people about their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors
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| Correlation | test the relationship between 2 or more variables
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| Positive Correlation | one variable relates to another, when one variable increases the second one also increases
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| Negative Correlation | one variable increases the other variable decreases
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| Placebo Effect | when participants show changes simply cause they believe or expect treatment to have certain effects
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| Double Blind Studies | neither experimenters nor participants know who's receiving a placebo and who is treatment
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| Confounding Variables | potentially problematic variables
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| Random Assignment | to conditions of the study
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| Quasi Experiment | researcher manipulates the independent variable and sets the other conditions to be the same for both groups
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| 4 Goals of Psychological Research | -describe behavior
-predict behavior
-explain behavior
-control or change behavior
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| Scientific Method | -predict
-hypothesize
-design a study/ conduct a study
-analyze data
-reject or accept hypothesis
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| operation definition | how you measure
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| Selection bias | sampling bias not random or not representative of the population
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| Social Desirability Bias | answering the way you think you're supposed to
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| predictive hypothesis | determine on outcome
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| independent variable | something being manipulated
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| dependent variable | what's being measured
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| control group | not receiving the manipulation
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| experimental group | participants receiving manipulation
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| confounds | another variable influencing the dv other than the iv
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| informed consent | inform participants of any risks during the process wherein the researcher establishes a clear and fair agreement with participants
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| confidentiality | personal info about participants obtained by the researcher during the course of investigation
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| debriefing | full disclosure by researcher to inform participants of the true purpose of research
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| biological perspective | look for a physical cause for a particular behavior
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| evolutionary perspective | proposes that natural selection is the process at work
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| cognitive perspective | explains behavior with an emphasis on thoughts and interpretations based on memory, expectations, beliefs, problem solving, or decision making
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| psychodynamic perspective | focuses on internal often unconscious mental processes, motives, and desires or childhood conflicts to explain behavior
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| behavioral perspective | focuses on external causes of behavior how stimuli in our environment and th erewareds and punishments we receive influence our behavior and mental processes
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| sociocultural perspective | suggests that your society of culture influences your actions
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| humanistic perspective | behavior stemming from free will and your own choices
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| eclectic approach | all the perspectives put together
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