Chapters 2,3,4
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| show | a neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the CNS.
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| show | a neuron located within the CNS that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland.
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| interneuron | show 🗑
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| show | the brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
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| show | the cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus.
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| show | a branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons.
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| synapse | show 🗑
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| show | the long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons.
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| show | a neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma.
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| show | a neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma.
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| unipolar neuron | show 🗑
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| show | the bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron; sends information to that neuron.
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| show | a chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron.
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| show | a structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles.
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| cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| mitochondria | show 🗑
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| show | a molecule of a prime importance to the cellular energy metabolism; its breakdown liberates energy.
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| show | a structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosomes.
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| show | a strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus; carries genetic information.
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| show | an active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon.
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| microtubule | show 🗑
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| glia | show 🗑
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| show | a glial cell that provides support for neurons of the CNS, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.
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| show | the process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration.
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| show | a type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths.
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| myelin sheath | show 🗑
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| node of Ranvier | show 🗑
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| microglia | show 🗑
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| Schwann cell | show 🗑
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| blood-brain barrier | show 🗑
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| area postrema | show 🗑
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| electrode | show 🗑
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| microelectrode | show 🗑
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| membrane potential | show 🗑
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| oscilloscope | show 🗑
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| show | the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70 mV in the giant squid axon.
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| depolarization | show 🗑
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| show | an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential.
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| show | the brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon.
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| threshold of excitation | show 🗑
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| diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | an aqueous solution of a material that ionizes -- namely, a soluble acid, base, or salt.
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| show | a charged molecule. Cations are positively charged, and anions are negatively charged.
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| show | the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign.
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| intracellular fluid | show 🗑
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| extracellular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | a protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell.
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| ion channel | show 🗑
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| voltage-dependent ion channel | show 🗑
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| show | the principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propogated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber.
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| rate law | show 🗑
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| show | conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.
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| postsynaptic potential | show 🗑
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| binding site | show 🗑
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| ligand | show 🗑
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| dendritic spine | show 🗑
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| show | the cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message.
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| synaptic cleft | show 🗑
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| show | a small, hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter.
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| show | a receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter.
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| show | an ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor.
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| ionotropic receptor | show 🗑
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| show | a receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site.
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| G protein | show 🗑
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| show | a chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell.
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| excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESPS) | show 🗑
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| show | an inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button.
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| show | the reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential.
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| show | the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release -- for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | show 🗑
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| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | show 🗑
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| neural integration | show 🗑
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| show | a receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron.
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| show | the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button.
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| show | the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button.
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| show | a naturally secreted substance that acts like a neruotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid.
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| peptide | show 🗑
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| show | a chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs.
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| show | a gland that liberates its secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream.
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| show | the type of cell that contains receptors for a particular hormone and is affected by that hormone.
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| show | a long, complex macromolecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands; along with associated proteins, strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes.
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| gene | show 🗑
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| cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| postsynaptic membrane | show 🗑
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| show | a molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts.
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| neuraxis | show 🗑
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| show | with respect to the CNS, located near or toward the head.
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| show | with respect to the CNS, located near or toward the tail.
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| rostral | show 🗑
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| caudal | show 🗑
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| show | "Toward the back"; with respect to the CNS, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or hte back.
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| ventral | show 🗑
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| show | toward the side of the body, away from the middle.
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| medial | show 🗑
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| show | located on the same side of the body.
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| contralateral | show 🗑
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| cross section | show 🗑
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| frontal section | show 🗑
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| show | a slice through the brain parallel to the ground.
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| sagittal section | show 🗑
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| show | the plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.
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| show | the 3 layers of tisse that encase the CNS: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater.
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| dura mater | show 🗑
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| arachnoid membrane | show 🗑
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| pia mater | show 🗑
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| subarachnoid space | show 🗑
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | show 🗑
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| show | one of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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| show | one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon.
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| third ventricle | show 🗑
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| show | a narrow tube interconnecting the third and forth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon.
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| show | the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon.
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| show | the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.
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| neural tube | show 🗑
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| show | a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains founder cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS.
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| cerebral cortex | show 🗑
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| radial glia | show 🗑
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| show | cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS.
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| show | division of a founder cell that gives rise to two identical founder cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it.
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| show | division of a founder cell that gives rise to another founder cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain.
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| show | death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell.
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| show | the most rostral of the 3 major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon.
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| cerebral hemisphere | show 🗑
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| subcortical region | show 🗑
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| show | a groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure.
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| show | a major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus.
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| gyrus | show 🗑
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| show | the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system.
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| calcarine fissure | show 🗑
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| show | the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system.
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| show | the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes.
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| show | the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system.
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| show | the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
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| primary motor cortex | show 🗑
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| frontal lobe | show 🗑
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| show | the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.
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| temporal lobe | show 🗑
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| show | the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes.
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| show | those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex.
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| show | the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex.
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| prefrontal cortex | show 🗑
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| corpus callosum | show 🗑
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| neocortex | show 🗑
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| show | phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge ("limbus") of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system.
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| show | a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum.
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| limbic system | show 🗑
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| show | a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon's horn) dentate gyrus, and subiculum.
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| show | a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system.
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| fornix | show 🗑
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| show | a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.
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| basal ganglia | show 🗑
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| show | an identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the CNS.
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| show | a region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | an axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region.
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| lateral geniculate nucleus | show 🗑
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| medial geniculate nucleus | show 🗑
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| ventrolateral nucleus | show 🗑
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| optic chiasm | show 🗑
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| anterior pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| show | a neuron that secretes a hormone of hormonelike sunstance.
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| posterior pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| midbrain | show 🗑
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| mesencephalon | show 🗑
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| show | the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi.
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| show | protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system.
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| inferior colliculi | show 🗑
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| show | the "stem" of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum.
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| tegmentum | show 🗑
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| show | a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon.
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| periaqueductal gray matter | show 🗑
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| red nucleus | show 🗑
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| substantia nigra | show 🗑
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| hindbrian | show 🗑
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| cerebellum | show 🗑
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| show | the cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum.
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| show | nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.
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| cerebellar peduncle | show 🗑
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| pons | show 🗑
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| show | the most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord.
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| spinal cord | show 🗑
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| spinal root | show 🗑
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| show | a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord.
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| show | the anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina.
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| dorsal root | show 🗑
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| ventral root | show 🗑
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| spinal nerve | show 🗑
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| afferent axon | show 🗑
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| show | a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons.
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| show | an axon directed away from the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.
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| cranial nerve | show 🗑
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| show | the largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoratic and abdominal cavities.
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| show | the protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors.
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| show | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS.
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | show 🗑
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| show | the portion of the ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.
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| show | nodules that contain synapsys between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.
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| show | one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column.
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| preganglionic neuron | show 🗑
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| postganglionic neuron | show 🗑
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| show | the portion of the ANS that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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jmuelle4
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