Joints and Muscular System.
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| The body contains -- joints | 300
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| Only bone without a joint is the -- | Hyoid bone in the neck
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| Joints are also called | Articulations
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| Joints may be classified according to how moveable they are.. | fixed, semi-movable, or freely movable.
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| Fixed joints | Are bound by fibers and are called fibrous joints.
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| Semi-movable joints | Are joined together by cartilage and are called cartilaginous joints
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| Fibrous joints | Also called Synarthroses
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| Cartilaginous joints | Two bones are joined by cartilage. These joints are slight movable.
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| Synovial joints | Also called diarthroses- are freely movable.
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| Joint Capsule | Extending from the periosteum of each of the of the articulating bone is a sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity
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| Synovial Membrane | This moist, slippery membrane lines the inside of the capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid.
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| Joint cavity | Small space between the bones allows for freedom of movement. It also contains Synovial fluid.
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| Articular cartilage | A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the bone surface
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| Ligaments | Tough cords of connective tissue help bind the bones more firmly together.
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| Some joints - such as the knee, shoulder, and elbow contain small sacs filled with | Synovail called Bursae
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| The body contains-- types of snyovial joins | Ball and socket joint
pivot joint
hinge joint
saddle joint
condyloid joint
gliding joint
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| ball and socket joint | the ball shaped heard of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone to form this joint.
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| pivot joint | the projection from one bone articulates with ring-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate.
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| hinge joint | just like a hinge door, these joints allow only back and forth movements (flexion and extension)
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| condyloid joint | an over convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. allows flexion and extension as well as side-to-side movement
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| gliding joint | the two bones surfaces- which are relatively flat- slide over each other. examples are - tarsal bones of the ankle, and carpal bones of the wrist.
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| Movements of Synovial joints | Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Internal Rotation, External Rotation, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Protraction, Retraction
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| Flexion | involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint
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| Extension | involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones
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| Hyperextension | Is the extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position
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| Dorsiflexion | Involves moving the toes or foot upward
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| Plantar flexion | Involves moving the toes or foot downward (toward the plantar surface)
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| Abduction | Is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
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| Adduction | Is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
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| Circumduction | In circumduction the distal end of the appendage, such as the arm or leg, moves in a circle
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| Internal Rotation | Occurs when a bone spins toward the body's midline
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| External Rotation | Occurs when a bone spins away from the body's midline
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| Supination | Is a movement that turns the palm upward
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| Pronation | Is a movement that turns the palm downward
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| Inversion | Is a foot movement that turns the sole medially, toward the other foot.
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| Eversion | Is a foot movement that turns the sole laterally, away from the other foot
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| Protraction | Moves a part forward
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| Retraction | Moves a part backward
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| Dislocation of shoulder | Shoulder is most likely to suffer a dislocation. Result from being jerked off the ground by one or more arms or from a forceful tug on the arm
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| Knee injury | The knee is surrounded by muscles, it's injured more often than the hip
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| Arthritis | referrs to inflammation of a joint. While theres 100 types of arthritis and related conditions
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| Osteoarthritis | Affects 85% of people over age 70.
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Is an autoimmune disease which the body's antibody attacks the synovial membranes, leading to degeneration of the articular cartilage and thickening of the synovial membrane.
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| Hypertrophy | Enlargement of a muscle
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| Atrophy | Decrease size of muscle
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| Tendon | Strong fibrous cord though which a muscle attaches to a bone
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| Aproneurosis | Flat, broad tendon that attaches a muscle to another muscle or to a bone
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| Direct attachment | Muscle fibers merge with the periosteum of the bone, forming a strong attachment.
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| Indirect attachment | The epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon (a strong, fibrous cord) the tendon then merges with the periosteum
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| 3 types of muscles | Cardiac, Smooth, Skeleton
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| Cardiac Muscle | Found in the heart.
Consists of short, branching fibers that fit together at intercalated discs.
appears striped, r striated, when viewed under a microscope
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| Smooth Muscle | Found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways, and uterus.
Does not appear striped when viewed under a microscope, so is called nonstraited
Known as involuntary muscle because it contracts automatically ( such as when the digestive tract
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| Skeleton Muscle | Attached to bone and causes movement of the body.
Known as voluntary muscle because it can be contracted at will. Appears markedly striated when examined with a microscope
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| Inotonic Contraction | Muscle changes length and moves a load, while the tension within the muscle remains the same
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| Isometric Contraction | Tension in the muscle increases while the length stays the same.
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| Frontal | Raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularius Oculi | Sphincter muscles that closes the eye when blinking or squinting.
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| Zygomaticus | Draws the mouth upward when laughing
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| Orbicularis Oris | Closes the mouth and purses the lips such as when kissing
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| Buccinator | Assist in smiling and blowing (such as when playing trumpet or whistling) as well as chewing.
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| Chewing muscles-- | Temporals, Masseter
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| Temporal- | Aids in closing the jaw
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| Masseter | Closes job.
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| Muscles that make up the head | Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius
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| Sternocleidomastoid | flexes the head (so it sometimes called the praying muscle) Rotates head to the opposite side wen only the muscle contracts.
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| Trapezius | Extends the head (such as when looking forward and flexes the head to one side or the other. also evaluates the shoulder
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| The face contains -- muscles | 30
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| Muscles are the driving force behind the ability to.. | Breathe
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| External Intercostal | Lie superficially between the ribs; elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Diaphragm | Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration
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| Internal Intercostal | Lie deeper than the external intercostal; depress the ribs during forced exhalation
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| External Oblique | Compresses the abdominal organs, which aids forceful expiration, vomiting, and defecation; also allows flexion of the vertebral column and rotation and lateral bending of the trunk
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| Rectus Abdominis | Flexes the lumbar region of the spinal column to cause bending forward at the waist; extends from the sternum to the pubic bone
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| Transversus Abdominis | Compresses the contents of the abdomen
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| Internal oblique | Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture, just like the external oblique muscles, also permits rotation of the waist.
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| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes, rotates the arm; involved in swinging the arm (walking or bowling)
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| Pectoralis Major | Flexes and adducts the upper arm, such as when climbing or hugging.
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| Serratus Anterior | Drives all forward- reaching and pushing movements; pulls the shoulder down and forward
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| Latissimus Doris | Adducts the humerus; extends the upper arm backward (such as when rowing or swimming); when grasping an object overhead, such as when climbing, serves to pull the body upward.
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| Rotator Cuff | Tendons of four muscles (attached to the scapula) form the rotator cuff.
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| Four muscles that make up the rotator cuff | Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis (on the anterior scapula)
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| The muscle that fled and extend the forearm are located on the.. | Humerus
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| Brachialis | The prime mover when flexing the forearm
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| Biceps Brachii | Assists the brachialis when flexing the forearm; also flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm (such as when opening a bottle with a corkscrew)
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| Triceps Brachii | The prime mover when extending the forearm
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| Brachioradialis | Helps the brachialis and the biceps brachii flex the forearm
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| Pronator muscles | Allow the arm to pronate (palm down). A supinator muscle. Lies deep in the forearm new the elbow; it joins forces with the biceps brachii to allow supination (palms up)
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| The Iliopsoas flexes the.. | Thigh, acting in opposition to the gluteus maximus
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| The term Iliopsoas refers to a combination of the following muscles | Iliacus and Psoas Major
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| The Sartorius is the | Longest muscle in the body
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| The adductor muscles rotate and draw the thigh in toward the body(Adduction) This group consists of the following muscles | Adductor Magnus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Longus
Gracilis
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| The Quadriceps femoris is the | Most powerful muscle in the body. Is the prime mover of the knee.
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| The Hamstrings are a group of muscles consisting of the following 3 muscles | Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
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| The gluteal muscles consist of the following three muscles | Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Minimus
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| Gluteus Medius | Aducts and rotates the thigh outward
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| Gluteus Maximus | The bulkiest muscle in the body; it produces the backswing of the leg when walking and provides most of the leg when walking and provides most of the power for climbing stairs.
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| Gluteus Minimus | This muscle lies beneath the other two gluteal muscles
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| The gluteus medius is a common site for | Intramscular injections
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| Muscles in the lower leg are primarily responsible for | Moving the foot and ankle
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| The buldging calf muscle is the result of two muscles | The gastrocnemius (more superficial muscle) and the Soleus (the deeper muscle)
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| Strongest tendons in the body | The calcaneal or achilles tendon.
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| The extensor digitorum longus also extends the | toes and turns the foot outward (eversion)
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| Functions of Muscular system | Chemical reactions within muscle cells lead to body movement
Helps maintain body posture and alignment
Protects bones and internal organs
Generates heat through exercise and shivering
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| Characteristics of Muscle tissue | Excitability- receives nerve impulses and responds to the stimulus
Contractility- can be shorten
Extensibility- can be lengthen
Elasticity- can return to normal shape after shortening or lengthening.
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| Components of Muscle tissue | Muscles- tissue made of fibers that cause movement in organs and body parts
Tendons- connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis- broad sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to muscle.
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