Ch 2 Research methods (p. 63-96)
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| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobrs of re brain from underlying thalamus.
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| Heuristics.. | Mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world.
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| Representativeness heuristic | heuristic that involves judging the probibility of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype (judging a book by its cover... using stereotypes, etc.)
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| base rate | how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population.
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| availability heuristic | estimating the liklihood of an event by the ease at chich it comes to our minds
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| cognitive biases | systematic errors in thinking
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| hindsight bias | tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
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| overconfidence | tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions.
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| naturalistic observation | watching behavior in real-world settings
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| external validity | extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings
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| naturalistic observation advantages | high degree of external validity
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| naturalistic observation disadvantages | low degree of internal validity, which is the extent to which we can draw cause&effect inferences.
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| internal validity | the extent to which we can draw cause & effect influences from a study
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| case study | research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often for a long period of time
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| existance proofs | demonstrations that a given psychological phonomenon can occur.
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| adv of case study | helpful in existence proofs, can study rare phonomena
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| disadv of case study | depth is traded for breadth, low external validity (can be misleading and anecdotal)
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| correlational design | research design that determines the extent to which two variables are associated
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| correlational meanings (r=) | 0 = no association, 1 = positive association (same), -1 = negative association (inverted)
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| scatterplot | grouping of points on a 2d graph in which each dot represents a singer person's data
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| illusory correlation | perception of a statistical association between two variables when none exists
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| Experimental research design | design characterized by 1. random assignment of participants to conditions, and 2. manipulation of an independent variable
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| random ASSIGNMENT | randomly assigning participants to either control or experimental group
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| experimental group | group that recieves the manipulation
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| control group | group that doesn't recieve manipulation
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| independent variable | varaible that an experimenter manipulates
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| dependent variable | variable that experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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| confound | any difference between experimental and control groups (other than ind. variable)
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| Experiment & Causation Vs. Correlation | Experiments permit us to infer cause and effect relationships.
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| meta-analysis | investigation of the consistency of patterns of results across large numbers of studies from different laboratories
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| file drawer problem | tendency for negative findings not to be published
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| placebo effect | improvement from expectation of improvement
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| nocebo | harm from expectation of harm
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| blind | unaware whether one is in the control or experimental group
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| experimenter expectantcy effect | phonomenon in which researchers' hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias a study outcome
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| double blind | neither experimenters nor participants know which group is control / experimental
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| hawthorne effect | participants knowledge that they're being studied affects their behavior
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| random SELECTION | every population member has equal chance of being selected to particpate
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| demand characteristics | cues that participants pic up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding its hypothesis. (type of hawthorne effect)
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| reliability | consistency of measurement
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| validity | extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure
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| reliability vs validity | a test must be reliable to be valid, but a reliable test can still be completely invalid.
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| self report measures | surveys, questionaires
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| advantages of self report measures | easy, direct to person
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| disadvantages | assumes people can be inaccurate, response sets
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| response sets | tendencies of research participants to distort their responses to questionaire items
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| halo effect | tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics
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| horns effect | opposite of halo effect
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| leinency effect | tendency of raters to provide ratings that are overly generous
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| error of central tendency | an unwillingness to provide extreme ratings
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| ethical guidelines for human research | 1. review by an institutional review board 2. informed consent 3. justification of deception 4. debreifing
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| ethical issues in animal research | 1. use whenever humans cant be used. 2. any pain must be justified by expected benefits of human welfare
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| informed consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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| statistics | application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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| descriptive statistics | numerical categorizations that describe data
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| central tendency | measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
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| mean | average; a measure of central tendency
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| median | middle score in a data set, a measure of central tendency
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| mode | most frequent score in a data set, a measure of central tendency
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| dispersion | how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
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| range | difference between highest and lowest scores, a measure of dispersion
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| standard deviation | a measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
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| inferential statistics | mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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