Chapter 6 muscles
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| To shorten develop tension; an ability highly developed in muscle cells | Contraction
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| Muscle cells | Muscle fibers
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| Muscle composed of cylindrical multi nucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; also called voluntary muscle | Skeletal Muscle
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| the thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell | Endomysium
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| The connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers | Perimysium
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| the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding muscle | Epimysium
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| A bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue | Fascicle
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| muscle consisting of spindle-shaped unstripped (non striated) muscle cells; involuntary muscle | smooth muscles
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| specialized muscle of the heart | cardiac muscle
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| ovalnucle; that can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane | Sarcolemma
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| the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one A disc to the next | Sarceamere
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| One of the principal contractile protiens found in muscle | Myosin
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| A contractile protien | Actin
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| A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cell sit stimuates | Motor unit
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| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility
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| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| The ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| Each skeletal musce is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles | Fascia
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| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi, which are surrounded by loose connective tissue | Perimysium
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| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells | fibers
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| A single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | Muscle fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | endomysium
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| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ________- a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| Myofibrils consist of __ major kinds of protein fibers | 2
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| Thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | Actin myofliaments
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| Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. | myosin myofilaments
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| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units _______ which are joined end to end to form the myofibril. | sarcomeres
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| The basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | Sarcomere
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| Muscle contraction | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When the sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to shorten.
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| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism
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| A contraction of n entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called ______, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the ______________ | Threshold; all-or-none response
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| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase
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| The time of contraction | contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment
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| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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| Produced in the mitochondria | ATP
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| Short-lived and unstable | ATP
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| It degenates to the more stable _______________________ plus phosphate | ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
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| It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. When at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule called ______________________ | Creatine phosphate
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| Without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration
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| with oxygen | Aerobic respiration
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| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it van be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle fatigue
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| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. | Isometric (equal distance)
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| The amount of tension produce by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle change | Isotionic (equal tension)
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| __________ refers to constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. | Muscle tone
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to preform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken's breast. | Fast-twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism | Slow-twitch fibers
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| is the most stationary end of the muscle | Origin
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| is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion
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| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | Belly
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| some muscles have multiple _________________________ | Origins or heads
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are | Synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are | Antagonists
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | Prime mover
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| raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis
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| closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | Orbicularis Oculi
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| Puckers the lips | Orbicularis Oris
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| Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter's muscle. | Buccinator
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| Kissing muscles | Orbicularis Oris and Buccinator
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| smiling muscle | Zygomaticus
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| sneering | Levator labii superioris
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| Frowning | Depressor anguli oris
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| Chewing | Mastication
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| Change the shape of the tongue | Intrinsic tongue muscles
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| Move the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue muscles
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| Lateral neck muscle and prime mover | Sternocleidomastoid
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| Muscles that move the thorax | Thoracic Muscles
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| Group of muscles on each side of the neck | Erector spinae
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| How many pairs of mastication are there? | 4 pairs
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