Anatomy
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| show | 250-300 g
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| show | 5.5L/min or 8000L/day
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| what are the two parts of the pericardium | show 🗑
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| show | tough dense CT
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| show | protects; anchors the heart; prevents overfilling
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| show | fibrous pericardium
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| which pericardial layer is also the epicardium of the heart wall | show 🗑
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| what makes up the myocardium | show 🗑
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| from where does blood enter the right atrium | show 🗑
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| from where does blood enter the left atrium | show 🗑
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| from which ventricle does blood enter the aorta | show 🗑
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| from which ventricle does blood enter the pulmonary trunk | show 🗑
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| from which blood vessel do coronary arteries originate and along what groove do they run | show 🗑
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| show | anterior cardiac veins enter right atrium directly
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| what cardiac veins enter the coronary sinus | show 🗑
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| show | tricuspid
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| what's the function of the AV valves | show 🗑
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| what are the chordae tendinae made of | show 🗑
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| show | three
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| show | gap junctions; the heart's intrinsic conduction system
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| show | pacemaker potentials or prepotentials
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| what cation causes the rising phase of the action potential in autorhythmic cells | show 🗑
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| show | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, ventricular walls (Purkinje fibers)
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| where is the SA node located | show 🗑
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| how and to where does depolarization spread from the SA node | show 🗑
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| what that factors are responsible for ventricular depolarization | show 🗑
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| does the cardiac conduction system make the heart beat faster or slower than without it | show 🗑
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| which branches of the ANS increases heart rate and force of heartbeat | show 🗑
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| show | medulla oblangata
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| via which nerve does the parasympathetic center send impulses to the heart | show 🗑
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| show | diastole = relaxation; systole = contraction
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| true or false. each ventricle pumps the same volume of blood per beat | show 🗑
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| show | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
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| what is responsible for the heart sounds heard on a stethoscope | show 🗑
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| what is the quiescent period | show 🗑
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| show | closing of the AV valves
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| what causes the second heart sound | show 🗑
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| what is the tunica interna made of | show 🗑
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| show | smooth muscle and elastic fiber sheets
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| what makes up most of the tunica externa | show 🗑
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| show | arteries
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| show | veins
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| show | arteries
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| show | tunica externa
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| show | ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration
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| show | gas exchange between the blood and the airsacs in the lungs
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| show | gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells
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| what types of cells make up the respiratory mucosa | show 🗑
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| show | type 1 or simple squamous cells
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| show | cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant
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| what comprises the respiratory membrane | show 🗑
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| show | excretion; regulation of blood volume/composition; production of erythropoetin; metabolism of vitamin D to active form; production of renin (for BP regulation)
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| show | medulla
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| show | renal corpuscle
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| show | renal pelvis
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| show | efferent
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| what comprises the filtration membrane | show 🗑
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| show | visceral
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| which nephrons play a key role in the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine | show 🗑
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| show | 50 gal
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| how much fluids and solutes are reabsorbed by the kidneys each day | show 🗑
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| show | oxyntic or parietal cells
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| show | intrinsic factor which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine
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| which cells produce pepsinogen | show 🗑
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| what else do chief cells produce in very insignificant amounts | show 🗑
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| what are some of the substances secreted by enteroendocrine cell | show 🗑
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| how much bile does the liver produce daily | show 🗑
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| show | left, right, caudate, quadrate
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| what are the functional units of the liver | show 🗑
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| show | Kuppfer cells
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| show | duodenum
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| what is another name for the eyelids | show 🗑
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| show | chalazion
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| what is sty | show 🗑
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| what does the caruncle contain | show 🗑
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| what is the conjunctiva | show 🗑
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| show | mucous, antibodies, lysozymes
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| what is the composition of vitreous humor | show 🗑
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| what are the three tunics of the eye | show 🗑
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| show | it's a clear collagenous layer
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| show | epithelial sheets that allow regeneration
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| what makes up the uvea | show 🗑
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| show | colored part of eye that acts as diaphragm to open and close the pupil
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| show | smooth muscle
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| what is the function of the ciliary body | show 🗑
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| what is the lens made of | show 🗑
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| show | photoreceptors => bipolar cells => ganglion cells => optic nerve
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| show | rods
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| where is the olfactory epithemium located | show 🗑
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| after a neural signal goes to the olfactory bulb, what other two areas can it go to next | show 🗑
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| show | eardrum or tympanic membrane
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| what key structures are in the middle ear | show 🗑
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| show | vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals
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| show | cochlea
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| what structures are involved with equilibrium | show 🗑
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| show | inflammation of the middle ear, cochlear nerve degeneration, side effect of medications
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| show | ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli
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| show | inputs from inner ear, vision, and stretch receptors
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| show | they sense position and acceleration
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| show | maculae
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| show | cristae
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| what type of motion do the hair cells in the maculae sense, linear or rotational | show 🗑
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| what drugs depress vestibular inputs | show 🗑
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| name the three types of granulocytes | show 🗑
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| these WBC release histamine from their granules | show 🗑
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| what type of nuclei do agranulocytes normally have | show 🗑
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| what are the two types of stem cells that can form from a hemocytoblast | show 🗑
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| show | granular leukocytes and monocytes
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| what is hemostasis | show 🗑
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| show | helps maintain fluid balance of tissues; provides transport route for absorbed fat; helps defend against diseases
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| list the order in which lymph vessels collect fluid | show 🗑
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| where does the right lymphatic duct drain into | show 🗑
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| what drives the flow of lymph in lymph vessels | show 🗑
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| show | B lymphocyte => humoral (antibodies) ; T lymphocyte => cellular immune response
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| what are 3 types of T cells | show 🗑
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| show | loose reticular CT except for the thymus
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| what are the 4 sets of tonsils | show 🗑
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| show | site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance; removes debris, pathogens from lymph and blood; extracts aged RBCs and platelets; mediates iron recycling; site of fetal erythrocyte production; stores platelets
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| what is the function of the thymus | show 🗑
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